Behavior of Human Gingival Epithelial Cells on Titanium Following Abrasion of the Adjunctive Glycine Air Polishing Powder

Abstract

Treatment to replace missing teeth with implants has been available for nearly 50 years. However, many implants are subject to peri-implantitis because of resorption of the bone supporting the implant. Therefore periodontal maintenance to avoid bacterial infection around an implant device is essential. There are several methods of maintenance available to remove bacterial infections. One of these methods involves the direct removal of bacterial infection in the implant sulcus using tooth surface abrasives. Abrasives that contain glycine are recommended because of their biocompatibility with the tooth surface. The purpose of this study was to examine the cellular behavior of human gingival epithelial cells on the surface after abrasion with adjunctive glycine air-polishing powder. We treated the titanium surface with air-polishing abrasives containing glycine or sodium bicarbonate, then examined the structural surface change and wettability, as well as the proliferative potency and gene expression of adherent gingival epithelial cells. The glycine-containing abrasives exhibited higher biocompatibility than the sodium bicarbonate abrasive, and the use of abrasives with small average particle size may be useful in the removal of bacterial infections around implants.

Effects of air abrasive decontamination on titanium surfaces: A systematic review of in vitro studies

“…After reading the full‐text articles, 10 articles were excluded: three articles due to using the AA in combination with other decontamination methods, one study was not about titanium surface, two articles did not use AA for decontamination, one study was not in English and not published in a peer‐review journal, one study used the AA powder in an antimicrobial solution but did not use the AA device, one study had an in vivo design with decontamination procedures taking place in the beagle dogs, and the full text for one study was not retrieved . The 48 included articles were ultimately processed for data extraction . The summary of the search strategy is depicted in Figure .…”

“…Regarding the SEM results, except for three studies that reported no surface change, other studies showed some level of morphological changes which were different in nature and intensity based on the surface modification and powder type. Regarding the surface topology, 2 studies showed that the Ra value for SB was higher than glycine and untreated controls while another study found no difference . Six articles reported on surface composition using energy dispersive‐x spectrometry (EDS) from which except for one study, others found powder remnants and changes in surface composition related to the application of AA.…”

“…Five out of the nine studies in this category also addressed the cleaning efficacy in Section 3.3.2 . Moreover, five studies which have been presented in Section 3.3.1, also evaluated surface change . With regard to the surface, five out of the nine included studies reported that AA either decreased biocompatibility or failed to restore it .…”

Novel methods for debridement of dental implant surfaces contaminated by biofilm

“…Because it appears safe to use on implant surfaces, glycine powder treatments could play a role in the management of PIM. 77,80,193 The present study showed particle residues of calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on some of the treated surfaces. This is consistent with previous work which showed sodium bicarbonate particles left on SLA surfaces.…”

“…should not modify dramatically the original surface, 80,81 despite causing 'rounding' of rough peaks on the surface. Such rounding effects are likely when the particles used are calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite.…”