Behavior of Microfilariae of Brugia Pahangi in Anopheles Quadrimaculatus *

Esslinger, J. H.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1962.11.749

Cited by 73 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…The prophenoloxidase-phenoloxidase system in insects has been implicated in humoral immunity [60], in the formation of melanotic capsules [61,62], in cellular capsule formation [63,64], and in recognition of foreign materials [65,66]. Several reviews [67-691 discuss the humoral phenoloxidases while other reviews [70] discuss the cuticular Po's, and the differences and similarities between the two PO systems have also been critically reviewed [71].…”

Section: Internal Defense Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

How parasitoids deal with the immune system of their host: An overview

Vinson

1990

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

199

110

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Insects have evolved many mechanisms that reduce their potential for serving as hosts for entomophagous species. Some of these mechanisms involve escape, mimicry, and repellancy, which are effective defense mechanisms against both predators and parasitoids. But, insects have a second line of defense against parasitoids and parasites. These may include repellancy and a cuticular barrier to invasion but they include several internal defenses that are collectively referred to as immune mechanisms. The current understanding of insect immunity is reviewed as background to examining the ways in which insect parasitoids have evolved to successfully handle the immune system of the host. The various means that parasitoids utilize to handle the insect immune systems have been divided into five approaches. These five approaches are described and current knowledge of the mechanisms used by parasitoids to deal with the immune system of their host is explored.

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Section: Internal Defense Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

How parasitoids deal with the immune system of their host: An overview

Vinson

1990

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

199

110

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“…Filarial worms reportedly traverse the midgut by means of a cephalic hook that enables them to migrate out of the midgut by mechanically disrupting the tissues of the midgut (64). In mosquito-borne arboviruses, a receptor-ligand interaction appears to mediate the attachment and entry of viruses into midgut cells.…”

Section: Midgutmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tyrosine and tyrosine-derived compounds were detected in A. aegypti (166) and A. subalbatus (269) that were VOL. 64,2000 GENETICS OF MOSQUITO VECTOR COMPETENCE 123 melanotically encapsulating (i.e., immune system activated) the microfilariae of D. immitis and B. malayi, respectively. Increased enzyme activity levels of phenol oxidase were documented in immune system-activated A. aegypti (129) and A. subalbatus (269), and a significantly elevated amount of dopa decarboxylase (269) was observed in A. subalbatus in the initial hours following immune system activation.…”

Section: Hemolymph and Hemocoelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Mosquito Vector Competence

Beerntsen

James

Christensen

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

345

278

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SUMMARY Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Efforts to control mosquito-borne diseases have been impeded, in part, by the development of drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, and environmental concerns over the application of insecticides. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel disease control strategies that can complement or replace existing control methods. One such strategy is to generate pathogen-resistant mosquitoes from those that are susceptible. To this end, efforts have focused on isolating and characterizing genes that influence mosquito vector competence. It has been known for over 70 years that there is a genetic basis for the susceptibility of mosquitoes to parasites, but until the advent of powerful molecular biological tools and protocols, it was difficult to assess the interactions of pathogens with their host tissues within the mosquito at a molecular level. Moreover, it has been only recently that the molecular mechanisms responsible for pathogen destruction, such as melanotic encapsulation and immune peptide production, have been investigated. The molecular characterization of genes that influence vector competence is becoming routine, and with the development of the Sindbis virus transducing system, potential antipathogen genes now can be introduced into the mosquito and their effect on parasite development can be assessed in vivo. With the recent successes in the field of mosquito germ line transformation, it seems likely that the generation of a pathogen-resistant mosquito population from a susceptible population soon will become a reality.

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“…These cells became distinctly flattened until 24 hrs postinfection ( Fig. 17-4 (Poinar and Leutenegger, 1971 (Esslinger, 1962;Bronskil, 1962;Poinar and Leutenegger, 1971;Omar and (Foley, 1978 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%