Behavior of Nickel as a Trace Element and Time-Dependent Formation of Spinels in WEEE Smelting

Klemettinen, Lassi; Avarmaa, Katri; Taskinen, Pekka

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_86

Cited by 11 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The total sample mass was approximately 0.4 grams and equilibrations were performed in small cylindershaped alumina crucibles (> 99.5% Al 2 O 3 , Degussit AL23, Friatec NA, Germany; ID 8 mm and H 15 mm). The distribution behavior of nickel, tin and antimony in the system have been presented in our previous publications [23,25]. After equilibration, the quenched samples were cast in epoxy resin, followed by grinding, polishing and carbon coating.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the alumina dissolved in the slag and spinel originated from the alumina crucible. The formation and composition of the spinels have been discussed in detail previously [25].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The trend lines follow the oxygen partial pressures very well; at 1 Pa pO 2 , the Fe/SiO 2 -ratio is the lowest and at 10 −5 Pa the highest. At higher oxygen partial pressures, both the increased solubility of copper in slag and the change in spinel composition contributed to the further decrease in the Fe/SiO 2 ratio [25]. The alumina concentration in the slags, 17-19 wt%, remained virtually unaffected by the changes in oxygen potential.…”

Section: Microstructure and Phase Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The alumina concentration in the slags, 17-19 wt%, remained virtually unaffected by the changes in oxygen potential. More details of the composition of the slag, spinel and copper phases have been published earlier [23,25].…”

Section: Microstructure and Phase Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling of tellurium via copper smelting processes

et al. 2020

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The modern world continuously demands more raw materials for manufacturing all kinds of products. Nowadays, the lifetime of a single product can be very short, as is the case with electronic appliances. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing waste categories, and one of the most promising recycling routes for WEEE is to use it as a feed material in pyrometallurgical copper smelting. This article presents new experimental observations regarding the behavior of tellurium in secondary copper smelting process, and compares the results to primary smelting experiments. In secondary smelting conditions, most of tellurium distributed into the copper phase, and the distribution coefficient between copper and slag decreased with increasing oxygen partial pressure. In the primary smelting experiments, most of tellurium was vaporized into flue dusts, and the distribution coefficient between copper matte and slag increased with increasing oxygen pressure, i.e. increasing matte grade.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the alumina dissolved in the slag and spinel originated from the alumina crucible. The formation and composition of the spinels have been discussed in detail previously [25].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microstructure and Phase Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Microstructure and Phase Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling of tellurium via copper smelting processes

et al. 2020

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“…The drop-quench technique employed in this study is already relatively widely used in phase equilibria studies [23,24], and nowadays also in minor element investigations [25,26]. The critical steps of the technique include (1) sample precursor preparation, (2) equilibration-quenching experiments and (3) EPMA measurements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Metals Ga, Ge and In: Experimental Evidence for Smelter Recovery Improvements

et al. 2019

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High-tech metals, including Ga, Ge and In, are critical for the performance of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). None of these three metals exist in mineable levels in natural minerals, and thus their availability and production are dependent on the primary and secondary base metals (including Zn, Al and Cu) production. To secure the supply of high-tech metals in the future, their behavior, including distribution coefficients (L Cu/s = [wt% M] in copper /(wt% M) in slag ), in primary and secondary processes need to be characterized. This study reports three series of copper-slag distribution experiments for Ga, Ge and In in simulated secondary copper smelting and refining process conditions (T = 1300 • C, pO 2 = 10 −9 -10 −5 atm) using a well-developed drop-quench technique followed by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses. This study shows how an analytical technique more traditionally applied to the characterization of ores or minerals can also be applied to metallurgical process investigation. The LA-ICP-MS analysis was used for the first time for measuring the concentrations of these minor elements in metallurgical glasses, i.e., slags, and the results were compared to the geological literature. The distribution coefficient of indium increased as a function of decreasing oxygen partial pressure from 0.03 to 10, whereas the distribution coefficient of gallium was 0.1 at 10 −9 atm and decreased as the pO 2 increased. The concentrations of gallium in slags were between 0.4 and 0.6 wt% and germanium around 1 ppm. Germanium was vaporized almost entirely from the samples.

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