Behavior of tungsten exposed to high fluences of low energy hydrogen isotopes

Deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high-flux clean and carbon-seeded deuterium plasmas

“…As seen from the figure, for the ion fluxes of about 1×10 22 m -2 s -1 a drastic decrease in the D retention is observed at the exposure temperatures above 650-700 K. In our experiments with the ion flux of about 1×10 21 m -2 s -1 , the decrease in the D retention begins at about 500 K. Evidently, the ion flux affects not only the D retention in W materials, as it was reported in [27,32], but also the temperature where the D retention reaches its maximum.…”

“…Data on the D retention in polycrystalline W exposed to low-energy (about 100 eV/D) and high flux (about 1×10 22 m -2 s -1 ) hydrogen isotope plasmas taken from Refs. [21,27,42,45] are shown in Fig. 3 b.…”

Temperature dependence of surface topography and deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high-flux D plasma

“…In addition, there is evidence of blistering occurred on tungsten surface exposed to hydrogen plasmas with ion energies well below the displacement threshold [4][5][6][7][8]. Not much is known about the hydrogen retention in different W materials irradiated with low-energy hydrogen ions and exposed to low-energy, high-flux hydrogen plasma.…”

Deuterium retention in tungsten used in ASDEX Upgrade: comparison of tokamak and laboratory studies

“…This suggests that blistering can be somehow suppressed on the machined surface as well. Finally, D retention in AUG W materials as a function of incident fluence is summarized in Figure 4 together with relevant laboratory data [16,17,19,27,[29][30][31][32] and an estimation of D in W compiled by the ITPA SOL/DIV topical group [33]. The thin CMSII-W coating shows that D retention determined by TDS (total retention) agrees relatively well to that measured by NRA (surface retention).…”

“…The gray shaded region corresponds to an estimation of D retention in W based on laboratory experiments compiled by ITPA SOL/DIV topical group [33]. results together with the data previously obtained from AUG divertor probes [7,34] and laboratory results [16,17,19,27,[30][31][32]. The gray shaded region corresponds to an estimation of D retention in W based on laboratory experiments compiled by ITPA SOL/DIV topical group [33].…”