Behavioral Risks for West Nile Virus Disease, Northern Colorado, 2003

Gujral, Indira B.; Zielinski-Gutiérrez, Emily; LeBailly, Adrienne; Nasci, Roger S.

doi:10.3201/eid1303.060941

Cited by 73 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These are 1) the density of infected mosquitoes, resulting from the product of mosquito abundance and the estimated infection prevalence; 19,47 2) the probability that a mosquito species will infect a mammal, 48 which is calculated as the product of abundance, proportion of blood meals taken from mammals, the estimated infection rate, and the fraction of infected mosquitoes that will subsequently transmit virus by bite; and 3) the vector index, which considers multiple species and is calculated as the summation of the product of the average number of mosquitoes of each species per trap times the proportion of infected mosquitoes of each species. 49 Although these indicators of risk need more parameters and consequently need to meet more assumptions, they might be better than infection rates alone given that they consider more complexities of the systems under surveillance. The calculation of the parameters for these risk estimates for different species and for different geographic areas is necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of Error in the Estimation of Mosquito Infection Rates Used to Assess Risk of Arbovirus Transmission

Bustamante¹,

Lord²

2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Infection rate is an estimate of the prevalence of arbovirus infection in a mosquito population. It is assumed that when infection rate increases, the risk of arbovirus transmission to humans and animals also increases. We examined some of the factors that can invalidate this assumption. First, we used a model to illustrate how the proportion of mosquitoes capable of virus transmission, or infectious, is not a constant fraction of the number of infected mosquitoes. Thus, infection rate is not always a straightforward indicator of risk. Second, we used a model that simulated the process of mosquito sampling, pooling, and virus testing and found that mosquito infection rates commonly underestimate the prevalence of arbovirus infection in a mosquito population. Infection rate should always be used in conjunction with other surveillance indicators (mosquito population size, age structure, weather) and historical baseline data when assessing the risk of arbovirus transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of Error in the Estimation of Mosquito Infection Rates Used to Assess Risk of Arbovirus Transmission

Bustamante¹,

Lord²

2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…To determine whether model outcomes realistically represent enzootic transmission at the sites, we validated the model using a field-derived monthly mean Vector Index (VI) [38]. The VI is an estimate of the mean number of WNV-infected Cx.…”

Section: (D) Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector host-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: West Nile virus as a model system

et al. 2011

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Seasonal epizootics of vector-borne pathogens infecting multiple species are ecologically complex and difficult to forecast. Pathogen transmission potential within the host community is determined by the relative abilities of host species to maintain and transmit the pathogen and by ecological factors influencing contact rates between hosts and vectors. Increasing evidence of strong feeding preferences by a number of vectors suggests that the host community experienced by the pathogen may be very different from the local host community. We developed an empirically informed transmission model for West Nile virus (WNV) in four sites using one vector species (Culex pipiens) and preferred and non-preferred avian hosts. We measured strong feeding preferences for American robins (Turdus migratorius) by Cx. pipiens, quantified as the proportion of Cx. pipiens blood meals from robins in relation to their abundance (feeding index). The model accurately predicted WNV prevalence in Cx. pipiens at three of four sites. Sensitivity analysis revealed feeding preference was the most influential parameter on intensity and timing of peak WNV infection in Cx. pipiens and a threshold feeding index for transmission was identified. Our findings indicate host preferenceinduced contact heterogeneity is a key mediator of vector-borne pathogen epizootics in multi-species host communities, and should be incorporated into multi-host transmission models.

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“…First, resting collections capture adult mosquitoes from a broad range of physiological states (i.e., host-seeking, blood-engorged, gravid, postovipositional) and thus are not useful for calculating vector indices, which are derived from collections of hostseeking female mosquitoes only (Gujral et al 2007). Second, resting traps predominantly attract mosquito vectors in the genera Culex, Culiseta, and Anopheles (Goodwin 1942, Meyer 1985, Komar et al 1995, Burkett-Cadena etal.…”

Section: Resting Mosquitoes; Culex Pipiens; Culex Tarsalis; Resting Trapmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Resting Trap: A Novel Device for Collecting Resting Mosquitoes

Panella

Crockett

Biggerstaff

et al. 2011

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association

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Commercially available wood-fiber pots used to collect resting mosquitoes were modified to improve sampling efficiency. The modified traps, called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention resting traps, collected 16.0 and 5.2 times more adult Culex pipiens and Cx. tarsalis than the conventional wood-fiber pots. The resting trap increases the mean number of resting mosquitoes collected per trap-night and is useful for collecting blood-engorged mosquitoes. Keywords Resting mosquitoes; Culex pipiens; Culex tarsalis; resting trapMost mosquito species are typically nocturnal or crepuscular, and remain relatively inactive during daylight hours. Samples of these resting mosquitoes provide effective estimates of mosquito population densities. Similarly, resting mosquito collections provide robust samples of blood-engorged mosquitoes. Tree cavities (Burkett-Cadena et al. 2008), animal burrows (Kay 1983), root masses (Mullen 1971), dense vegetation (Kay 1983), and caves are examples of natural daytime resting places for mosquitoes. Man-made structures such as barns, culverts, and basements, which provide dark, moist, and cool environments, also accommodate resting mosquitoes (Crans 1989). Researchers have taken advantage of the resting behavior of mosquitoes by sampling with artificial structures such as nail kegs (Burbutis and Jobbins 1958), wooden boxes (Gusciora 1971), walk-in red boxes (Meyer 1985), plastic trash cans (Burkett-Cadena et al. 2008), and wood-fiber pots (Komar et al. 1995).Vector control and public health surveillance programs rarely collect resting mosquitoes, for several reasons. First, resting collections capture adult mosquitoes from a broad range of physiological states (i.e., host-seeking, blood-engorged, gravid, postovipositional) and thus are not useful for calculating vector indices, which are derived from collections of hostseeking female mosquitoes only (Gujral et al. 2007). Second, resting traps predominantly attract mosquito vectors in the genera Culex, Culiseta, and Anopheles (Goodwin 1942, Meyer 1985, Komar et al. 1995, Burkett-Cadena etal. 2008), but are ineffective for sampling many genera of nuisance and vector mosquitoes such as Coquilletidia, Psorophora, and Aedes (Gusciora 1971). However, resting collections offer the most efficient source of blood-engorged mosquitoes needed for several research applications, suchasvector and arbovirus ecology studies. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptIn order to enhance the collection of resting mosquitoes, a novel trap design was devised to combine the advantages of the wood-fiber pot (e.g., low cost and portability) with those of conventional, suction-type traps (few escapees, larger samples). Traditionally, collections from these pots are made daily by aspirating resting mosquitoes from the interior walls of the pots using either a handheld aspirator or a backpack aspirator. However, slight movements can startle resting mosquitoes before they can be aspirated, and changing envi...

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Behavioral Risks for West Nile Virus Disease, Northern Colorado, 2003

Abstract: Protective practices may affect the level of illness in a community.

Cited by 73 publications

References 10 publications

Sources of Error in the Estimation of Mosquito Infection Rates Used to Assess Risk of Arbovirus Transmission

Sources of Error in the Estimation of Mosquito Infection Rates Used to Assess Risk of Arbovirus Transmission

Vector host-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: West Nile virus as a model system

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Resting Trap: A Novel Device for Collecting Resting Mosquitoes

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