Behavioral theory of depression: Reinforcement as a mediating variable between avoidance and depression

Wanting and liking in dysphoria: Cardiovascular and facial EMG responses during incentive processing

“…An alleviation of this maladaptive response can be reached, for instance, by behavioral therapy. Individual are asked to identify a problematic behavior and to find an alternative behavior, which would be more adaptive in the given situation (Carvalho & Hopko, 2011).…”

Frontal alpha asymmetry as a pathway to behavioural withdrawal in depression: Research findings and issues

“…Consequently, in studies of Ra>La cerebral activation among depressed individuals, most studies measure EEG power in the alpha band [24,39,43,45,[47][48][49][50], which is considered to have an inverse relationship with brain electrical activation [58]. Thus, measurement of the electrical activity disparities across the frontal lobes in depressed persons is described in terms of alpha power, wherein a high alpha power is assumed to be indicative of less overall electrical activation (hypo-activation) of the brain regions over which it is recorded, while a low alpha power is assumed to be indicative of greater overall electrical activation (hyperactivation) [59,60].…”

“…Because some of the aversive stimuli that people seek to withdraw from may take the form of unpleasant thoughts, memories of painful events and social interactions, and negative emotions, the escape-focused behaviours that are used by people who experience these aversive stimuli may include cognitive avoidance [24] or attempts to reduce thinking about these aversive stimuli. Such cognitive and behavioural avoidance behaviours are significantly correlated with depression [25,26] and may precede the development of specific depressive symptoms, as suggested by evidence that exposure to early aversive environmental stimuli (in the form of childhood neglect) is significantly related to later adult behavioural avoidance and depression [27].…”

Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme

“…Bu kişiler daha sonraki yaşam-larında kendilik değeri oluşturmak için sürekli mücadele ederler. Yaşam boyu süren bu uğraş Dykman'ın (1998) "değer arayanlar" terimine ve bu kişilerin bir başarısızlık sonrası yaşadıkları ça-resizliğe aday olmalarını kolaylaştırmaktadır (81). Bu kişiler için zorlayıcı bir olumsuz deneyim o duruma özgü yetersizlikle kalmaz, düşük kendilik değerini de etkiler ve artık değer arayıcı kişi gayret etmeyi artırmanın bir anlamı olmayacağına inanmaya başlar.…”