Behavioral Toxicology of Volatile Organic Solvents I. Methods: Acute Effects

Glowa, John R.; DeWeese, Jo; Natale, Michael; Holland, John F.; Dews, Peter

doi:10.3109/10915818309140679

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For example, a study conducted by Goldberg and colleagues (Goldberg et al, 1964), suggests that tolerance to the acute behavioral effects of acetone vapors (6000 ppm) develops after a few sessions in rats. Further, Glowa and colleagues (Glowa, 1987;Glowa et al, 1986) reported that acute exposure to 3000 ppm of acetone vapors reduced the rate of responding under an FI (fixed interval) schedule in rats, and Geller et al, (1979) reported variable differences in FR (fixed ratio) and FI response rates of rats exposed to 150 ppm. More recently Christoph et al, (2003) demonstrated no effect on operant performance during or after subchronic exposures up to 4000 ppm acetone vapors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of inhaled acetone on place conditioning in adolescent rats

Lee

Pai

Mullapudui

et al. 2008

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Introduction-Acetone is a ubiquitous ingredient in many household products (e.g., glue solvents, air fresheners, adhesives, nail polish, and paint) that is putatively abused; however, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that acetone alone has any abuse liability. Therefore, we systematically investigated the conditioned response to inhaled acetone in a place conditioning apparatus.Method-Three groups of male, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to acetone concentrations of 5,000, 10,000 or 20,000 ppm for 1 hour in a conditioned place preference apparatus alternating with air for 6 pairing sessions. A place preference test ensued in an acetone-free environment. To test the preference of acetone as a function of pairings sessions, the 10,000 ppm group received an additional 6 pairings and an additional group received 3 pairings. The control group received air in both compartments. Locomotor activity was recorded by infrared photocells during each pairing session.Results-We noted a dose response relationship to acetone at levels 5,000-20,000 ppm. However, there was no correlation of place preference as a function of pairing sessions at the 10,000 ppm level. Locomotor activity was markedly decreased in animals on acetone-paired days as compared to air-paired days.Conclusion-The acetone concentrations we tested for these experiments produced a markedly decreased locomotor activity profile that resemble CNS depressants. Furthermore, a dose response relationship was observed at these pharmacologically active concentrations, however, animals did not exhibit a positive place preference.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of inhaled acetone on place conditioning in adolescent rats

Lee

Pai

Mullapudui

et al. 2008

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…Transformation then allowed determination of doses (in milligram per kilogram) expected to decrease responding by 10% in the specified proportion (i.e., 1 out of 10, 1 out of 100, etc.) of the population (24). Figure 1 Df GBR 12909 on these two types of Alternatively, it might be argued that only Dr, the variability in effects on each a single dose of GBR 12909 could be given ed relevant data from which risks at one time, focusing the emphasis of such oe assessed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To accomplish the risk assessment analysis of these data, methods previously developed to assess the risks of exposure to agents using a single behavioral end point were used (24). This approach was originally described by Dews (3,4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose-response analysis in risk assessment: evaluation of behavioral specificity.

Glowa

1996

Environ Health Perspect

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Several methods of quantitative risk assessment that have been described recently are particularly applicable to neurotoxic end points. These methods can be broadly divided into two types of approaches based on their treatment of dose-response data to estimate risks. Benchmark approaches estimate risks using variability in response to a fixed dose level in comparison with background control variability. Probabilistic approaches estimate risks using the variability in the dose to produce a small effect in the sample population. The current report seeks to extend the development of probabilistic approaches for neurotoxic end points. Because behavioral data are often used to assess therapeutic efficacy as well as toxicity (unwanted effects), this analysis focused on the relative risks of producing these effects with the same agent. The therapeutic potential of GBR 12909 was determined by its ability to decrease cocaine-maintained responding in monkeys. The effects of this agent were also assessed in the same monkeys using food-maintained responding to provide an indication of behavioral toxicity. GBR 12909 decreased both behaviors, with complete decreases on drug-seeking behavior occurring at doses that had minimal effects on food-maintained responding. The difference in the estimates of doses to decrease drug-seeking and food-maintained behavior suggested that specific therapeutic effects could be obtained in the absence of unwanted side effects for a definable proportion of the population. These results also suggest that multiple behavioral end points can be useful for identifying specific effects of chemicals for the purposes of risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 104 (Suppl 21:391-396 (1996)

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“…Most of these studies showed a concentrationdependent change on the responding maintained by different schedules. While the response rate was not changed at low concentrations (500-1,000 ppm), an increase was noted at intermediate concentrations (minimum values in different experiments varied from 700 to 1.600 ppm), and at higher concentrations (minimum values varied from 1,657 to 6,400 ppm) a decrease of the response rate was observed in mice [Glowa, 1981;Glowa et al, 1983;Moser and Balster, 1981, 19851. The time-course of toluene effects on operant behavior has not been investigated except in a few studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is preferred to other solvents by many abusers because of its lesser side-effects [Massengale et al, 19631. Substances abused through inhalation show effects on the operant behavior in animals at a minimal concentration that does not cause pathological damage [Geller et al, 19791. Many investigators have studied the effects of toluene on the schedule-controlled behavior in mice, rats, or pigeons using static or dynamic inhalational chambers [Colotla et al, 1979;Geller et al, 1979;Gentry and wood, 1982;Glowa, 1981;Glowa et al, 1983;Balster, 1981, 1985;Weiss et al, 1979;Wood et al, 19831. Most of these studies showed a concentrationdependent change on the responding maintained by different schedules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of toluene inhalation on fixed‐ratio liquid‐reinforced behavior in rats

Ghosh¹,

Rubaai²

1987

Drug Development Research

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Ghosh, Tushar K., and S.N. Pradhan: Effects of toluene inhalation on fixed-ratio liquidreinforced behavior in rats. Drug Dev. Res. 11:123-130, 1987.The effect of toluene inhalation was studied on an operant behavior maintained by a fixedratio (FR-24) schedule of liquid reinforcement in rats. A dynamic (flow-through) inhalational behavioral chamber was used to expose rats to toluene vapor. Rats were exposed successively to three graded concentrations (105, 214, 382 ppm) of toluene vapor each for 2 hr in range-finding experiments during 6 114-hr sessions. The reinforcement rate was not altered at hours 1 and 2 but was decreased at hours 3 and 5 of exposure. However, at hours 4 and 6 the reinforcement rate showed recovery from depression. In 2-hr exposure experiments with four different concentrations of toluene on separate days, the reinforcement rate was decreased at hour 1 during exposure to 142,211, and 496 ppm, but exposure to 121 ppm had no effect. There was also no effect when rats were exposed to 115 ppm of toluene during a 5-hr session. The experiment with 2-hr daily exposures to 212 ppm of toluene for 5 consecutive days indicated the development of tolerance to the decreased reinforcement rate during 4th and 5th days of exposure. This study thus shows a minimum effective concentration of 142 ppm of toluene, which would produce no effect on FR liquidreinforced behavior, and indicates that tolerance develops to the behavioral effect of toluene.

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Behavioral Toxicology of Volatile Organic Solvents I. Methods: Acute Effects

Cited by 34 publications

References 5 publications

The effects of inhaled acetone on place conditioning in adolescent rats

The effects of inhaled acetone on place conditioning in adolescent rats

Dose-response analysis in risk assessment: evaluation of behavioral specificity.

Effects of toluene inhalation on fixed‐ratio liquid‐reinforced behavior in rats

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