Behaviour Change Techniques in Computerized Cognitive Training for Cognitively Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Abstract

We aimed to describe behaviour change techniques (BCT) used in trials evaluating computerised cognitive training (CCT) in cognitively healthy older adults, and explore whether BCTs are associated with improved adherence and efficacy. The 90 papers included in a recent meta-analysis were reviewed for information about adherence and use of BCTs in accordance with the Behaviour Change Taxonomy. Studies using a specific BCT were compared with studies not using that BCT on efficacy (difference in Hedges’ g [Δg]) using three level meta-regression models and on median adherence using the Wilcoxon test. The median number of BCTs per study was 3 (interquartile range [IQR] = 2–5). ‘Feedback on behaviour’ (if provided by a person; Δg = -0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.31;-0.07) and ‘non-specific reward’ (Δg = -0.19, CI = -0.34;-0.05) were associated with lower efficacy. Certain BCTs that involve personal contact may be beneficial, although none were statistically significantly associated with greater efficacy. The median percentage of adherence was 90% (IQR = 81–95). Adherence was higher in studies using the BCT ‘self-monitoring of behaviour’ and lower in studies using the BCT ‘graded tasks’ than studies not using these BCTs (p < 0.001). These findings provide first evidence that BCTs can influence both adherence to and efficacy of CCT programs in cognitively healthy older adults.

Development of a Cognitive Training Support Programme for prevention of dementia and cognitive decline in at-risk older adults

“…Expectations and beliefs about the outcomes of CCT may affect training motivation and engagement (Tetlow and Edwards, 2017). Peeters et al (2023) reported on Behaviour Change Techniques (BCT) of CCT from 88 studies with cognitively healthy adults. There are 93 individual techniques in COM-B falling into 16 clusters or categories (Michie et al, 2015).…”

“…Studies using "graded tasks" had lower adherence. Self-reported barriers to adherence included excessive time commitment, health problems, lack of interest or motivation, holiday/travel, and lack of time (Peeters et al, 2023).…”

“…Researchers have also recommended use of structured frameworks in the development of CCT programmes to ensure that behaviour-change and efficacy of the programmes is optimised (Khaleghi et al, 2021 ; Peeters et al, 2023 ). Expectations and beliefs about the outcomes of CCT may affect training motivation and engagement (Tetlow and Edwards, 2017 ).…”

“…Peeters et al ( 2023 ) reported on Behaviour Change Techniques (BCT) of CCT from 88 studies with cognitively healthy adults. There are 93 individual techniques in COM-B falling into 16 clusters or categories (Michie et al, 2015 ).…”

Effect of Internet Use on Cognitive Function of Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults in China: Evidence from China Family Panel Studies

“…The respective incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates of dementia in China increased from These variables cause 40% of dementia in China, 41% in India, and 56% in Latin America [7]. Neurology researchers have revealed that cognitive therapies for middle-aged and older adults can remodel nerves like the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which are critical for learning, memory, and cognition [8].…”