Behaviour of citric acid during electrodialysis

Effect of some operating variables on citrate recovery from model solutions by electrodialysis

“…In these cases and within the and ⌱ values applied, no limiting current den- sity was revealed by using Cowan and Brown's method (1959). Similar difficulties were experienced by Yen and Cheryan (1993) and Novalic et al (1995) during the ED of lactic and citric acid solutions, respectively.…”

“…Under the circumstances, the ED technique might be regarded as an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional citric acid recovery process. Actually, citric acid recovery by ED has been tested using bipolar (Novalic et al, 1995) and monopolar (Datta and Bergemann, 1996;Mancini et al, 1995;Sappino et al, 1996) membranes, thus involving a specific energy consumption of 1.7-2 kWh and 0.3-0.9 kWh per kg of citrate electrodialytically recovered, respectively.…”

The extraction of lactic acid by emulsion type of liquid membranes using alamine 336 in escaid 100

“…Due to the increasing cost of crude oil, a common raw material for the chemical synthesis of lactic acid, the efficient production of lactic acid through fermentation has become increasingly important (Hano et al, 1993;Siebold et al, 1995;Drioli et al, 1996;Han et al, 2000;Heewsink et al, 2002). Currently, a number of processes for lactic acid separation without precipitation have been reported such as direct distillation (Vaidya et al, 2005), adsorption (Hano et al, 1993;Novalic et al, 1995;Siebold et al, 1995;Drioli et al, 1996;Han et al, 2000;Heewsink et al, 2002;Vaidya et al, 2005), reactive extraction (Jarvinen et al, 2000;Kilic et al, 2002;Vaidya et al, 2005;Ma et al, 2006), ion exchange (Kilic et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2004;Vaidya et al, 2005;Ataei and Vasheghani-Farahani, 2008), and electrodialysis (Bailly, 2002;Pinacci and Radaelli, 2002). These methods have several disavantages including cost, and require multiple steps, and operate with low efficiency under practical conditions.…”

Electrochemical determination of acidity level and dissociation of formic acid/water mixtures as solvent

“…The main objective was to purify water. But it rapidly appeared that electromembrane processes could also be useful and profitable to produce acids which are needed in chemistry, food, pharmaceutical and biodegradable polymer industries and the demand of which undergoes a very strong growth [22][23][24][25][26]. So the last ten years saw the implementation of several membrane processes all over the world [25].…”