Behavioural Goals Determine Inhibitory Mechanisms of Selective Attention

Tipper, Steven P.; Weaver, Bruce; Houghton, George

doi:10.1080/14640749408401098

Cited by 167 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…One possible explanation is that it arises due to a process of selective inhibition. Outlined in Tipper, Weaver and Houghton (1994), such a process in the context of the present study begins with exposure to a problem (i.e., the prime), which elicits a verbal response code for its correct solution. This response code then directly competes with the verbal naming response required to the incongruent target, thereby leading to inhibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple arithmetic processing: The question of automaticity

Jackson¹,

Coney²

2005

Acta Psychologica

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In adult simple arithmetic performance, it is commonly held that retrieval of solutions occurs automatically from a network of stored facts in memory. However, such an account of performance necessarily predicts a uniform reaction time for solution retrieval and is therefore not consistent with the robust finding that reaction time increases with problem size and difficulty. Additionally, past research into arithmetic performance has relied on tasks that may have actually induced and measured attentional processing, thereby possibly confounding previous results and conclusions pertaining to automaticity. The present study therefore, attempted to more reliably assess the influence of automatic processing in arithmetic performance by utilizing a variant of the well-established semantic word-priming procedure with a target-naming task. The overall results revealed significant facilitation in naming times at SOAs of 240 and 1500 ms for congruent targets i.e., targets that represented the correct solutions to problems presented as primes (e.g., 6 + 8 and 14). Significant inhibition in comparison to a neutral condition (0 + 0 and 17) was also observed at 120 and 240 ms SOAs in naming incongruent targets (e.g., 6 + 8 and 17).Furthermore, response times were found to vary as a function of both arithmetic fluency and problem size. Differences in performance to addition and multiplication operations and implications for cognitive research and education are considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple arithmetic processing: The question of automaticity

Jackson¹,

Coney²

2005

Acta Psychologica

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“…gram, star, square, suitcase, arrow, diamond) were used to create the figures that appeared in a quasi-random sequence which prevented the same figure appearing at the local and global levels on successive trials (Tipper et al 1994). Stimulus size was 110 mmi110 mm, made of small objects (6 mmi6 mm), and subtending visual angles of approximately 16m and 1m, respectively.…”

Section: (B) Paradigm Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemispheric specialization for global and local processing: the effect of stimulus category

Fink¹,

Marshall

Halligan

et al. 1997

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

131

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SUMMARYNeuropsychological evidence indicates that the global aspect of complex visual scenes is preferentially processed by the right hemisphere, and local aspects are preferentially processed by the left hemisphere. Using letter-based hierarchical stimuli (Navon figures), we recently demonstrated, in a directed-attention task, lateralized neural activity (assessed by positron emission tomography) in the left prestriate cortex during local processing, and in the right prestriate cortex during global processing. Furthermore, temporal-parietal cortex was critically activated bilaterally in a divided-attention task that involved varying the number of target switches between local and global levels of letter-based hierarchical stimuli. Little is known about whether such stimulus categories influence such hemispheric lateralization. We now present data on brain activity, derived from positron emission tomography, in normal subjects scanned during either local or global processing of object-based hierarchical stimuli. We again observe attentional modulation of neural activity in prestriate cortex. There is now greater right-sided activation for local processing and greater left-sided activation for global processing, which is the opposite of that seen with letter-based stimuli. The results suggest that the relative differential hemispheric activations in the prestriate areas during global and local processing are modified by stimulus category.

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“…The difference in target-to-distractor distance used in their experiments may have caused the inconsistency. Whereas Connelly and Hasher used longer target-to-distractor distances (ranging between 2.5º and 9.5º), Tipper et al (1994) used shorter target-to-distractor distances (ranging between 1.6º and 2.4º, estimated). We suspected that location negative priming in a naming task might occur only when the target and the distractor are far apart.…”

Section: Experiments 2amentioning

confidence: 99%

Location negative priming in identity discrimination relies on location repetition

Chao

Yeh

2005

Perception & Psychophysics

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Negative priming manifests when a previously ignored stimulus becomes a target. The contingency of identity negative priming on repeated stimuli has been demonstrated, implying a crucial role for distractor competition. In this study, a naming task was used to examine whether location negative priming also relies on the repetition of locations. In Experiment 1, location negative priming was observed only when a small set of repeated locations was used. Positive priming was found instead when a large set of nonrepeated locations was used. Experiment 2 demonstrated that target-to-distractor distance modulated location priming effects, with priming effects observed only for a far distance. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that the effect of location negative priming increased as locations repeated. Like identity negative priming, location negative priming depends on location repetition.

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Behavioural Goals Determine Inhibitory Mechanisms of Selective Attention

Cited by 167 publications

References 56 publications

Simple arithmetic processing: The question of automaticity

Simple arithmetic processing: The question of automaticity

Hemispheric specialization for global and local processing: the effect of stimulus category

Location negative priming in identity discrimination relies on location repetition

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