enabled elected officials to simply select scientific information that aligned with their predetermined policies. Future action is required to ensure that science advisory structures and processes access a wide breadth of expertise.Despite the global implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant lack of appetite across countries to exchange experience or co-ordinate response efforts. The pandemic has disproportionately impacted particular places and population groups based on their historic and cultural dynamics, access to health services and social determinants of health. This called for co-ordination and exchange between local, national, and international science advice activities and the integration of equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) considerations. In a similar vein, mutual trust between scientists, government actors, and the public is also shaped by historical legacies and culture and in many jurisdictions, long-term actions are required to ensure the trust of citizens in scientific and public institutions.Public communication and engagement posed one of the most important and formidable challenges in responding effectively to the COVID-19 pandemic.In general, conventional top-down public communication strategies were ineffective because they failed to integrate and address underlying situational and scientific uncertainties. In many instances, the failure of official communications to openly address changing or conflicting scientific evidence damaged the credibility of authorities, making it more difficult to mitigate misinformation. The most effective communications addressed the needs, concerns, and lived experiences of targeted population groups. It was important also that messages were conveyed by representatives with credible scientific backgrounds who invested time and effort in communicating with empathy and relevance.Despite its positive potential for public engagement, social media has been the primary source, or conduit, for mis-and disinformation and has facilitated the politicisation of science, and polarisation of views. Access to, and use of, social media, is far from universal and mainstream media -newspapers, radio and television -have been the main source of COVID-related information for many citizens. Effective communication efforts during the pandemic have had to use multiple approaches to both amplify sciencebased messaging and respond to mis-and disinformation campaigns.