“…There are two overarching goals for this study. First, since pteropodids studied to date have a relatively unspecialized internal nasal morphology (Allen, 1882; Giannini et al, 2012; Starck, 1943), nasal capsule ontogeny in Rousettus may offer context to recognize developmental distinctions with more specialized bats, few of which have been studied ontogenetically to date (e.g., Myotis— Frick, 1954, as discussed in Zeller, 1987; Rhinolophus— Usui & Tikita, 2019). Second, in light of recent studies indicating postnatal plasticity of certain turbinals or parts of turbinals (Coppola, Craven, Seeger, & Weiler, 2014; Pang et al, 2016; Smith et al, 2007; Smith, Martell, Rossie, Bonar, & DeLeon, 2016; Van Valkenburgh et al, 2014), it may be possible to infer predominant mechanisms influencing internal nasal morphology that are specific to a certain life stage or contiguous stages.…”