Belowground Defence Strategies in Plants

Vos, Christine; Kazan, Kemal

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42319-7

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…We base this assumption on the fact that indole GSLs are effective defences against pathogens (Clay et al, 2009;Fan et al, 2011). In Brassica species, the Fusarium pathogen infection blocks water transport, causing the typical wilting symptoms and eventually plant death (Daly & Tomkins, 1995;Nomura et al, 1976;Thatcher et al, 2016). Taproots are main hubs in water and nutrient transport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Locally and systemically induced glucosinolates follow optimal defence allocation theory upon root herbivory

2018

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Herbivore‐induced defences in plants are considered a strategy to manage multiple interactions while saving resources. The optimal defence theory (ODT) is one of the most prominent theoretical frameworks to explain the defence allocation patterns within plants. It was recently shown that the ODT generally applies to constitutive glucosinolate (GSL) allocation in shoot and root organs. Previous studies showed that both root and shoot herbivore feeding may alter defence allocation over plant organs. For shoots, the effect depends on where the herbivores feed. It is as yet unknown whether similar principles apply to root‐herbivore‐induced GSLs. To analyse the effects of root localized herbivore feeding on GSL allocation, we conducted a pot experiment using Anomala cuprea grubs and four Brassicaceae; Brassica rapa, B. nigra, B. oleracea and Sinapis alba. Individuals of these four plant species were grown in dedicated mesocosms. The grubs were confined either to the bottom soil, the middle section or the topsoil. Plants grown in the same set‐ups but without root herbivores served as controls. Glucosinolate levels of the leaf lamina, petiole and stem as well as of the taproot, lateral roots and fine roots were measured after 8 days of herbivory. Plant biomass reduction due to herbivory was the largest when herbivores were confined to the topsoil. In the three Brassica species, taproot GSL levels increased upon herbivory independent of where the root herbivores were feeding. Glucosinolate levels in fine roots and shoots, on the other hand, hardly responded to root herbivory. Indole GSLs, which are more effective to pathogens than to herbivores, were more strongly induced than aliphatic and aromatic GSLs, especially in the taproots. Sinapis alba did not show remarkable increments in any GSL level upon herbivory. These results show that locally and systemically induced defences in roots are consistent with the ODT: The taproot which is the most vulnerable and valuable to plant performance shows the highest increase in defence induction. The induced GSL profiles suggest that the response may not only target herbivores, but may also help to prevent secondary infection by microbial pathogens. A http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13147/suppinfo is available for this article.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…conglutinans, which results in severe yield losses (Daly & Tomkins, 1995;Nomura, Kato, & Takeuchi, 1976;Thatcher, Kidd, & Kazan, 2016). Brassica species are commonly affected by Fusarium, whereas Fusarium wilt of S. alba is rarely reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Locally and systemically induced glucosinolates follow optimal defence allocation theory upon root herbivory

2018

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“…(hereafter Trichoderma), several species have been found to be facultative endophytes that colonize the interior of the root. 1,2 Phylogenetic studies position endophytic Trichoderma isolates in a terminal position within their clades, suggesting that the development of the endophytism in this genus is evolutionary recent. 1 In analogy to plant pathogens, endophytic mutualists have to cope with the plant immune system to establish themselves within the plant tissues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 In analogy to plant pathogens, endophytic mutualists have to cope with the plant immune system to establish themselves within the plant tissues. [2][3][4][5] Indeed, a moderate suppression of host immune responses has been reported to be required for the establishment of mutualistic plant-microbe relationships. 3 For instance, repression of SA levels and SA-triggered responses occurs during root colonization by several endophytic mutualists like mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium bacteria.…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-regulated defences on root colonization by Trichoderma harzianum T-78

Martínez‐Medina¹,

Appels

Wees

2017

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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We recently found that the beneficial fungus Trichoderma harzianum T-78 primes tomato plants for salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defenses, resulting in enhanced resistance against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. By using SA- and JA-impaired mutant lines and exogenous hormonal application, here we investigated whether the SA- and JA-pathways also have a role in T-78 root colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana. Endophytic colonization by T-78 was faster in the SA-impaired mutant sid2 than in the wild type. Moreover, elicitation of SA-dependent defenses by SA application reduced T-78 colonization, indicating that the SA-pathway affects T-78 endophytism. In contrast, elicitation of the JA-pathway, which antagonized SA-dependent defenses, resulted in enhanced endophytic colonization by T-78. These findings are in line with our previous observation that SA-dependent defenses are repressed by T-78, which likely aids colonization by the endophytic fungus.

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“…For example, Phytophtora infestans in potato (McLoughlin et al, 2018a), Fusarium oxysporum in banana (Mumbanza et al, 2013), and coffee rust Hemileia vastatrix (Cristancho et al, 2014). In the case of F. oxysporum, targeting the pathogenicity genes such as FMK1 and SNF1 that are related to root penetration, and others such as FRP1, XInR, FOW2, SGE1, and SIX, results in non-pathogenic strains at all (Thatcher et al, 2016). Otherwise, targeting the host genes such as AF2 and PRX33 that are related to the susceptibility to F. oxysporum, could also represent a strategy in the future (Lyons et al, 2015).…”

Section: Potential Pests To Target With This Sigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The RNAi as a tool to control tropical pathogens

2021

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Introduction. Sustainable farming requires new tools for the control of pathogens, since there is a constant evolution to overcome the current biological and chemical strategies. The information provided by the transcriptomics allows creating new possibilities to tackle the pathogens. It is possible to interrupt the genetic expression of a pathogen and disable it using RNA interference (RNAi). Objective. To perform an analysis of an emerging technology useful for pest control, based on RNA interference. Development. Sustainable farming is measured based through social, economic, and environmental indicators. A key indicator of agriculture is the decrease in inputs for the control of pathogens and the increase in their specificity. Pest control mechanisms based on RNA interference meet both parameters. RNAi is known to have at least two functions, first for gene expression regulation, and secondly as a defense mechanism against pathogens. Consequently, RNAi can be used to protect crops from pathogens by developing genetically modified plants, or by the external application form of an aerosol. The RNAi aerosol is a tool that relies on inactivating the pathogen genes and can complement other agronomic tools available for this purpose. It is possible to design RNAi against tropical pests based on published transcriptomes, although it is necessary to overcome limitations regarding design, degradation, and stability. Conclusion. Interference RNA methods have the potential to be useful tools to control tropical pathogens as an alternative to achieve sustainable farming.

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Belowground Defence Strategies in Plants

Cited by 15 publications

References 100 publications

Locally and systemically induced glucosinolates follow optimal defence allocation theory upon root herbivory

Locally and systemically induced glucosinolates follow optimal defence allocation theory upon root herbivory

Impact of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-regulated defences on root colonization by Trichoderma harzianum T-78

The RNAi as a tool to control tropical pathogens

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