Bender element measurement of small strain shear modulus of cement-treated marine clay – Effect of test setup and methodology

Xiao, Hao; Yao, Kai; Liu, Yong; Goh, Siang-Huat; Lee, Fook Hou

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.258

Cited by 33 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Coastal cement soil is a mixture of cement, water, and coastal soft soil, which is also a common soft soil reinforcement. For example, cement soil composite pile foundations and cement soil composite walls are used to enhance the strength of foundations in foundation treatment [8,9,10,11,12]. A number of studies that have aimed to improve the mechanical strength of cement soil have been carried out.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is of great significance to further study the consolidation characteristics of coastal soft soil and modified coastal cement soil. The modification of mechanical strength of cement soil with fibers and nanomaterials have been studied [5,11,12,16,25,26]. However, it seems that these materials are not economical and practical because of their high cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, a micromechanism analysis put forth a solid foundation for cement matrix composite materials. Wang et al investigated the micromechanism of nano-magnesia for improving cemented seashore soft soil and silty clay by using of the SEM and EDS (Electronic Differential System) methods [5,11,12]. Kurdi et al integrated SEM/WDX (Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) elemental mapping and micromorphology to determine mineralogical traits of peat soils [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compression Characteristics and Microscopic Mechanism of Coastal Soil Modified with Cement and Fly Ash

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2019

Materials

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It is of great significance to study the consolidation characteristics of modified coastal cement-soil. A one-dimensional consolidation test and microscopic test were carried out. In the tests, the cement content was 20%, fly ash content was 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, and the water content was 80%. The consolidation test results showed that: (1) Compared with coastal cement soil, the deformation of coastal cement soil modified with a 20% fly ash content was reduced from 4.31 to 2.70 mm, and the vertical compression deformation was reduced by 1.61 mm. (2) During consolidation and compression, the e–p curve (pore ratio-pressure curve) of fly ash-modified coastal cement soil was slower than that of coastal cement soil and the rate of change of pore ratio. (3) The compression coefficient of fly ash-modified coastal cement soil was reduced from 0.780 to 0.598 MPa-1 compared with that of coastal cement soil. The microscopic test results indicate that after adding the proper amount of fly ash, a skeleton was formed between the microscopic particles of the sample, which improved its resistance to compression and deformation. The results of this study indicate that it is feasible to modify coastal cement soil with an appropriate amount of fly ash to improve its compression resistance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compression Characteristics and Microscopic Mechanism of Coastal Soil Modified with Cement and Fly Ash

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2019

Materials

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“…Chemical stabilization is one of the effective techniques to overcome the undesirable behavior of expansive soils. Among the chemical stabilization methods, traditional treatments such as physical mixing of lime, cement, fibers and fly-ashes with soils have been commonly used for the soil treatment [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. However, these traditional methods show some limitations in engineering applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Study on Improvement of Expansive Soil by Chemically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

et al. 2021

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This paper proposes the use of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation induced by the addition of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solutions as a procedure to stabilize and improve expansive soil. A set of laboratory tests, including the free swell test, unloaded swelling ratio test, unconfined compression test, direct shear test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test, cyclic wetting–drying test and laboratory-scale precipitation model test, were performed under various curing periods to evaluate the performance of the CaCO3 stabilization. It is concluded from the free swell tests and unloaded swelling ratio tests that the addition of CaCl2 and Na2CO3 can profoundly decrease soil expansion potential. The reduction in expansion parameters is primarily attributed to the strong short-term reactions between clay and stabilizers. In addition, the formed cementation precipitation can decrease the water adsorption capacity of the clay surface and then consequently reduce the expansion potential. The results of unconfined compression tests and direct shear strength tests indicated that the addition of CaCl2 and Na2CO3 has a major effect on geotechnical behavior of expansive soils. Based on the SEM analyses, new cementing crystalline phases formatted by sequentially mixing CaCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions into expansive soil were found to appear in the pore space, which results in a much denser microstructure. A laboratory-scale model test was conducted, and results demonstrate the effectiveness of the CaCO3 precipitation technique in stabilizing the expansive soil procedure. The test results indicated that the concentration of CaCl2 higher than 22.0% and Na2CO3 higher than 21.2% are needed to satisfactorily stabilize expansive soil. It is proposed to implement the precipitation technique in the field by the sequential permeation of CaCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions into soils in situ.

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“…This includes methodologies in time domain (TD) or in frequency domain (FD) [16][17][18]. The first one is of interest in the present study, being the most common and widely used because it is a simpler procedure, with reasonable results and which does not require the use of frequency analyzes software [16,19]. Although the analyzes in the FD presents advantages, the results generated by the transfer function may be affected by higher frequencies applied under higher confining stresses [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the shear wave velocity (VS) of an artificial carbonate sand obtained with the use of bender elements test

Tarazona

Moura

Rodrigues

et al. 2021

DYNA

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Carbonate sand is characterized by the presence of fragile grains, which may influence their mechanical response due to the imposed loading; especially cyclic loading. The shear wave velocity (VS) provides relevant information for the design of foundation inserted in this type of soil, which can be obtained from laboratory tests with the use of bender elements (BE). This paper aims to evaluate the VS value of a carbonate sand from triaxial tests with BE using three methods in the time domain. The influence of loading, unloading and cycling on VS is also evaluated. The results confirmed that the confining stress affects the dynamic parameters. At higher stress levels, the signals aremore susceptible to the near field effects and the dynamic parameters are less influenced by cycling.

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Bender element measurement of small strain shear modulus of cement-treated marine clay – Effect of test setup and methodology

Cited by 33 publications

References 28 publications

Compression Characteristics and Microscopic Mechanism of Coastal Soil Modified with Cement and Fly Ash

Compression Characteristics and Microscopic Mechanism of Coastal Soil Modified with Cement and Fly Ash

Laboratory Study on Improvement of Expansive Soil by Chemically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

Evaluation of the shear wave velocity (VS) of an artificial carbonate sand obtained with the use of bender elements test

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