Bending Stiffness of Honeycomb Paperboard

Kmita-Fudalej, Gabriela; Szewczyk, W.; Kołakowski, Zbigniew

doi:10.3390/ma16010156

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Over the years, starting in the 1950s, the analytical formulas for typical box design have been developed [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], subsequently expanding into more complex approaches [ 7 , 19 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Hybrid [ 7 , 10 , 24 , 25 , 32 , 33 ] or purely numerical approaches [ 3 , 34 , 35 ] with the implementation of the finite element method (FEM) [ 2 , 3 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] are widely applicable as well. Considering the layered structure of the cardboard and the anisotropy of the paper, performing numerical analysis is a challenging task since the knowledge of material properties of each layer is a precondition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the Edge Crush Resistance of Corrugated Board Using Artificial Intelligence

2023

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Recently, AI has been used in industry for very precise quality control of various products or in the automation of production processes through the use of trained artificial neural networks (ANNs) which allow us to completely replace a human in often tedious work or in hard-to-reach locations. Although the search for analytical formulas is often desirable and leads to accurate descriptions of various phenomena, when the problem is very complex or when it is impossible to obtain a complete set of data, methods based on artificial intelligence perfectly complement the engineering and scientific workshop. In this article, different AI algorithms were used to build a relationship between the mechanical parameters of papers used for the production of corrugated board, its geometry and the resistance of a cardboard sample to edge crushing. There are many analytical, empirical or advanced numerical models in the literature that are used to estimate the compression resistance of cardboard across the flute. The approach presented here is not only much less demanding in terms of implementation from other models, but is as accurate and precise. In addition, the methodology and example presented in this article show the great potential of using machine learning algorithms in such practical applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the Edge Crush Resistance of Corrugated Board Using Artificial Intelligence

2023

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“…Tables 4 and 5 present the results of measurements of paperboard thickness and bending stiffness. In order to validate the calculation method using Formulas ( 21) and ( 22), the bending stiffness in the machine direction BS MD and cross direction BS CD were calculated for the paperboards, which were examined as part of this work, and for the paperboards marked with the symbols TL200/FL140/TL200 and TL135/TL135/TL135 tested as part of the work [1]. The comparison of the measurement results with the calculation results is shown in Figures 7-12.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where F-force loading the paperboard in the bending test, N; L 1 , L 2 -distances between supports, m; d-deflection of the tested sample caused by the force F, m; b-sample width, m. The applied speed of movable supports was 10 mm/min. A detailed description of the applied instrument, measurement methodology, and parameters is described in the publication [1]. The final result is given as the average value of 10 measurements separately for the machine direction BS MD and the cross direction BS CD .…”

Section: Experimental Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production process of cellular structure paper core was started by Hans Heilbrun at the Heilbrun and Pinner paper factory in Halle, Germany, and then, in 1901, he patented the honeycomb production process [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analytical model presented in the previous publication [1] did not consider the local buckling of flat layers subjected to compression during BS measurement and showed how much this imperfection of the honeycomb paperboard affects the bending stiffness. In addition, the phenomenon of local buckling of the flat layer was generally ignored in the research conducted so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Method for Calculating the Bending Stiffness of Honeycomb Paperboard

Kmita-Fudalej,

Kołakowski,

Szewczyk

2024

Materials

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The article presents continued considerations presented in a prior publication on the development of a model for calculating the bending stiffness BS of cellular honeycomb paperboards, applying the strength properties of paper raw materials used for the production of paperboard and the geometric parameters of cellular board. The results of BS calculations obtained by using the analytical model presented in the prior publication were significantly overestimated in relation to the value obtained by measurements. The calculation error in relation to the measurement value for the tested group of paperboards in the case of bending stiffness in the machine direction MD was within the range from 23% to 116%, and the average error was 65%, while in the cross direction CD, it was within the range from 2% to 54%, and the average error was 31%. The calculation model proposed in this work based on the physical properties of cellular paperboard reduces the error values for bending stiffness in both the machine and cross directions. The value of the average error for both main directions in the paperboard plane was 10%. The method enables more accurate determination of BS in the machine direction MD and in the cross direction CD at the paperboard design stage. In order to validate the proposed analytical model, the calculation results were compared with the results of BS laboratory measurements performed using the four-point bending method and, in order to expand the group of tested paperboards, with the measurement results presented in the prior article for cardboards with different raw material composition and different geometric parameters.

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