Beneficial Effects of a Low-Glycemic Diet on Serum Metabolites and Gut Microbiota in Obese Women With Prevotella and Bacteriodes Enterotypes: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

Generalized healthy eating patterns may not benefit everyone due to different genetics and enterotypes. We aimed to compare the effects of a low-glycemic diet representing the Korean traditional balanced diet (Low-GID) and westernized diet as a control diet (CD) on anthropometry, serum metabolites, and fecal bacteria in a randomized clinical trial according to enterotypes. We recruited 52 obese women aged 30–50 years, and they consumed Low-GID and CD meals for 1 month, with a 1-month washout period, in a crossover randomized clinical trial. The Low-GID was mainly composed of whole grains with fish, vegetables, seaweeds, and perilla oil, whereas CD contained refined rice, bread, noodles, meats, and processed foods. Serum lipid profiles, metabolomics, serum short-chain fatty acids, and fecal bacteria were analyzed. The important variables influenced by Low-GID and CD were determined by SHAP value in the XGBoost algorithm according to Bacteroides (ET-B) and Prevotella (ET-P). Low-GID and CD interventions did not change the enterotypes, but they modified serum metabolites and some fecal bacterial species differently according to enterotypes. The 10-fold cross-validation of the XGBoost classifier in the ET-P and ET-B clusters was 0.91 ± 0.04 and 0.8 ± 0.07, respectively. In the ET-P cluster, serum L-homocysteine, glutamate, leucine concentrations, and muscle mass were higher in the CD group than in the Low-GID group, whereas serum 3-hydroxybutyric acid concentration was significantly higher in the Low-GID group than in the CD group (p < 0.05). In fecal bacteria, Gemmiger formicilis, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Escherichia coli were higher in the CD group than in the Low-GID group. In the ET-B cohort, serum tryptophan and total cholesterol concentrations were higher in the CD group than in the Low-GID group, whereas serum glutathione and 3-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations were significantly higher in the Low-GID group than in the CD group (p < 0.05). However, Bifidobacterium longum was higher in CD than Low-GID in the ET-B cluster, but serum butyric acid levels were higher in the Low-GID than in the CD group. In conclusion, Low-GID can be recommended in obese women with both ET-P and ET-B enterotypes, although its efficacy was more effective in ET-P.Clinical Trial Registration[https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do/17398], identifier [KCT0005340].

Inverse association of a traditional Korean diet composed of a multigrain rice-containing meal with fruits and nuts with metabolic syndrome risk: The KoGES

“…Whole grain intake is prospectively and inversely associated with abdominal obesity in adults in the Framingham Offspring cohort and HUNT study ( 38 , 39 ). However, a white rice-main diet with a lower nutrient score similar to RMD is positively associated with obesity and MetS risk ( 8 , 40 ). In Korea, a WSD high in noodles, bread, and meats, is positively associated with MetS risk, and KBD alleviated dyslipidemia in RCT ( 9 , 10 , 41 ).…”

“…Dietary patterns have been studied over the last decade to explore ways to reduce MetS risk while ensuring adherence. Korean-balanced diets have been shown to have an inverse association with MetS risk in randomized clinical trials (RCT) and observational studies ( 8 – 10 ). RCT studies are limited in the aspects of intervention periods and diet types to show the effects of traditional Korean diets.…”

Fecal Bacterial Community and Metagenome Function in Asians with Type 2 Diabetes, According to Enterotypes

“…The bacterial community in the enterotypes with overlap can be switched under specific circumstances, such as changing diets. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with Korean-style and westernized-style diets, the participants were observed to be ET-B and ET-P. Only 10–15% of them switched enterotype, mainly those with overlapping bacteria compositions despite different enterotypes [ 32 ]. Therefore, the enterotype itself does not act as a biomarker for a specific disease, but the bacteria affecting the diseases need to be isolated in each enterotype.…”

Interplay between polygenic variants related immune response and lifestyle factors mitigate the chances of stroke in a genome-wide association study

“…We applied generalised multifactor dimensionality reduction to pinpoint the genetic variants that interact and were linked with the risk of stroke. We chose the best genetic model based on specific criteria: a significant P value ( P < 0·05) from the sign test of trained balance accuracy and test balance accuracy, along with a strong cross-validation consistency score of 9 or 10 out of 10 (20) . We computed a PRS to quantify genetic risk by summing the risk alleles across the genetic variants within the selected optimal model.…”