Beneficial Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, and Bioactive Peptides on Strengthening the Immune System Against COVID-19 and the Role of Cow’s Milk in the Supply of These Nutrients

Ahvanooei, M R Rezaei; Norouzian, M. A.; Vahmani, Payam

doi:10.1007/s12011-021-03045-x

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 135 publications

(136 reference statements)

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“…It is of note that, milk could modulate satiety mechanisms [ 44 ] and also has several components with potential beneficial effects, such as caseins with antioxidant properties [ 45 ]. Milk is also rich in minerals, vitamins, and other bioactive compounds involved in anti-inflammatory and immune regulation [ 46 ]. A recent meta-analysis showed that whole-fat milk consumption was associated with a higher risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality; however, low-fat milk showed a protective but nonsignificant association [ 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of a healthy beverage score with total mortality in the adult population of Spain: A nationwide cohort study

Rodríguez-Ayala,

Donat-Vargas,

Moreno-Franco

et al. 2024

PLoS Med

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Background Despite the substantial evidence of the relationship between diet and mortality, the role of beverage consumption patterns is not well known. The aim of this study was to assess the association of the adherence to a Healthy Beverage Score (HBS) and all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population. Methods and findings We conducted an observational cohort study using data from the Study on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risk in Spain (ENRICA), which included 12,161 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥18 years recruited in 2008 to 2010 and followed until January 2022. At baseline, food consumption was collected using a validated diet history. The HBS consists of 7 items, each of which is scored from 1 to 4 (highest adherence). The HBS ranges from 7 to 28 points with a higher score representing a healthier pattern. Adherence was assigned as a higher consumption of low-fat milk, and coffee and tea, a lower consumption of whole-fat milk, no consumption of fruit juice, artificially sweetened beverages, or sugar-sweetened beverages, and no or moderate consumption of alcohol. Total mortality was ascertained by linkage to the Spanish National Death Index. Statistical analyses were performed with Cox models and adjusted for the main confounders, including sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary variables, and morbidity. After a mean follow-up of 12.5 years (SD: 1.7; range: 0.5 to 12.9), a total of 967 deaths occurred. For all-cause mortality, the fully adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the highest versus lowest sex-specific quartiles of HBS was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [0.57, 0.91], p linear-trend = 0.015), corresponding to an 8.3% reduction in the absolute risk of death. A linear relationship between the risk of death and the adherence to the HBS was observed using restricted cubic splines. The results were robust to sensitivity analyses. The main limitation was that repeated measurements on beverage consumption were not available and beverage consumption could have changed during follow-up. Conclusions In this study, we observed that higher adherence to the HBS was associated with lower total mortality. Adherence to a healthy beverage pattern could play a role in the prevention of premature mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of a healthy beverage score with total mortality in the adult population of Spain: A nationwide cohort study

Rodríguez-Ayala,

Donat-Vargas,

Moreno-Franco

et al. 2024

PLoS Med

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“…Morante-Palacios et al ( 126 ) demonstrated that vitamin C enhances epigenomic reprogramming of nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of B cells (NF-κB), which in turn boosts immunogenic properties of the dendritic cells. Likewise, vitamin E affects the immune system via modulation of protein kinase C. Vitamin A is also involved in immune system development and plays a regulatory role in humoral immunity and cellular immune regulation ( 127 ). Calcium, selenium, Phosphorous, and iodine minerals are essential for brain function development; they also help in strengthening the immune system ( 128 ).…”

Section: Formulation Of Infant Formula: Ingredients and Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants’ gut microbiota

Bakshi,

Paswan,

Yadav

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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Human milk is considered the most valuable form of nutrition for infants for their growth, development and function. So far, there are still some cases where feeding human milk is not feasible. As a result, the market for infant formula is widely increasing, and formula feeding become an alternative or substitute for breastfeeding. The nutritional value of the formula can be improved by adding functional bioactive compounds like probiotics, prebiotics, human milk oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, taurine, inositol, osteopontin, lactoferrin, gangliosides, carnitine etc. For processing of infant formula, diverse thermal and non-thermal technologies have been employed. Infant formula can be either in powdered form, which requires reconstitution with water or in ready-to-feed liquid form, among which powder form is readily available, shelf-stable and vastly marketed. Infants’ gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem and the nutrient composition of infant formula is recognized to have a lasting effect on it. Likewise, the gut microbiota establishment closely parallels with host immune development and growth. Therefore, it must be contemplated as an important factor for consideration while developing formulas. In this review, we have focused on the formulation and manufacturing of safe and nutritious infant formula equivalent to human milk or aligning with the infant’s needs and its ultimate impact on infants’ gut microbiota.

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“…Experts point out that the consumption of milk and dairy products enriched with vitamin A may positively affect the functioning of the immune system [67]. This is especially important in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, which causes severe respiratory tract infections [68].…”

Section: Vitamin Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasonableness of Enriching Cow’s Milk with Vitamins and Minerals

Woźniak

Cichy

Dobrzyńska

et al. 2022

Foods

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Milk is an exceptional nutritional product that has been used for many millennia in human nutrition. Milk is a source of many valuable nutrients, including calcium, vitamin B, an especially significant amount of vitamin B2 and fat-soluble vitamins, such as A, D and E. Milk is an attractive product for fortification as it has a high nutritional density in a small volume and a relatively low price. Research shows positive health effects of drinking milk and consuming dairy products. Even more health benefits can be obtained from consuming fortified dairy products. A literature review, current nutritional recommendations, medical recommendations and an analysis of the market situation all recommend introducing milk enriched with minerals in combination with vitamins to the market. This concept corresponds to the current market demand and may supplement the missing and expected range of fortified milk and the correct number of recipients.

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Beneficial Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, and Bioactive Peptides on Strengthening the Immune System Against COVID-19 and the Role of Cow’s Milk in the Supply of These Nutrients

Cited by 19 publications

References 135 publications

Association of a healthy beverage score with total mortality in the adult population of Spain: A nationwide cohort study

Association of a healthy beverage score with total mortality in the adult population of Spain: A nationwide cohort study

A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants’ gut microbiota

Reasonableness of Enriching Cow’s Milk with Vitamins and Minerals

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