Benefits and side effects of protein supplementation and exercise in sarcopenic obesity: A scoping review

Abstract

Background Protein supplements have been widely used among those who are struggling with sarcopenic obesity among older adults. However, despite their popularity, there is still a lack of concrete evidence on both the potential benefits and side effects of protein supplementation and exercise on sarcopenic obesity (SO). Objective Thus, we aimed to determine the impacts of protein supplementation and exercise in older adults with sarcopenic obesity. Method A systematic database search was conducted for randomised controlled trials, quasi experimental study and pre-post study design addressing the effects of protein supplementation in improving sarcopenic obesity among older adults. This scoping review was conducted based on PRISMA-Scr guidelines across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. To assess record eligibility, two independent reviewers performed a rigorous systematic screening process. Results Of the 1,811 citations identified, 7 papers met the inclusion criteria. Six studies were randomised controlled trials and one study was a pre-post test study design. The majority of studies discussed the use of both protein supplements and exercise training. The included studies prescribed protein intake ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 g/kg/BW/day for the intervention group, while the duration of exercise performed ranged from 2 to 3 times per week, with each session lasting for 1 hour. Whey protein supplementation has been shown to be effective in improving sarcopenic conditions and weight status in SO individuals. The combination of exercise training especially resistance training and the used of protein supplement provided additional benefits in terms of lean muscle mass as well as biomarkers. The study also revealed a lack of consistency in exercise design among interventions for sarcopenic obesity. Conclusion Overall, it appears to be a promising option for SO individuals to improve their sarcopenic condition and weight status through the combination of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation. However, it also highlights the need for caution when it comes to high amounts of protein intake prescription. Future research is warranted to investigate the optimal exercise design for this population, given the limited research conducted in this specific area.

Nutrition Requirements and Nutrition Intervention for People Living with HIV/AIDS (Adults)

“…Regardless of risk group, all patients should receive education on personal hygiene practices and food safety to minimize the risk of infections. 40 Nutrition interventions may recommend exercise training, including resistance training, to build or maintain muscle mass 41,42 ; it is important to consider that people with HIV are more susceptible to sarcopenia. 43 On the other hand, exercise training has been shown to improve immune function, 41 body composition, 41 and appetite in people living with HIV.…”

The Interplay of Sarcopenic Obesity and Mental Health: A Complex Relationship

“…Studies suggest that a high protein intake may enhance muscle mass and strength during calorie restriction for sarcopenic obesity [70]. Therefore, a weight loss diet in this population should prioritise the preservation of muscle mass and could benefit from incorporating a high protein diet and/or protein supplementation [71]. Generally, the recommended protein intake for sarcopenic obesity individuals falls within the range of 1.0 to 1.8 g/kg BW/day [71].…”

“…Therefore, a weight loss diet in this population should prioritise the preservation of muscle mass and could benefit from incorporating a high protein diet and/or protein supplementation [71]. Generally, the recommended protein intake for sarcopenic obesity individuals falls within the range of 1.0 to 1.8 g/kg BW/day [71]. Some literature suggests a more conservative protein intake recommendation, ranging from 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg BW, with an even higher intake (1.2-1.5 g/kg BW), especially for individuals dealing with chronic diseases [65].…”

“…Some literature suggests a more conservative protein intake recommendation, ranging from 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg BW, with an even higher intake (1.2-1.5 g/kg BW), especially for individuals dealing with chronic diseases [65]. However, caution is advised for a protein intake of 1.4 g/kg BW in individuals with kidney disease [71].…”

“…According to the latest evidence, the most promising approach to sarcopenic obesity involves a combination of exercise training, especially resistance training, and an increased protein intake using protein supplements [71]. Regarding sarcopenia, protein supplementation, with or without exercise, has been shown to positively improve muscle mass, strength and physical function in older adults with sarcopenia [72].…”