Benefits of long-term pilocarpine due to increased muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 in salivary glands

Minagi, Hitomi Ono; Ikai, Kazuki; Araie, Takafumi; Sakai, Manabu; Sakai, Takayoshi

doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.125

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…6 Many basic researches and clinical statistics are reported about SS patients. 7,8 However, few studies have assessed oral dryness in patients who have not been diagnosed with SS (patients without SS). For patients without SS, no diagnostic criteria have been provided in systematic reviews.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the Saxon test for patients with hyposalivation without Sjögren’s syndrome

Minagi

Yamanaka

Sakai

2020

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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Background: Dry mouth is associated with salivary gland hypofunction, which may result from several conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome (SS), head and neck cancers, and side effects of medications. The Saxon test is a useful diagnostic method for hyposalivation in clinical settings. However, previous reports indicate that the test has mostly been used for patients with SS. Objective(s): In the present study, we focused on patients with dry mouth who were not diagnosed with SS (patients without SS). Methods: For patients without SS (n = 302), we examined the factors affecting Saxon test scores using multiple regression analysis. Additionally, we performed a correlation analysis comparing the Saxon test with other diagnostic methods. Results: In 57.6% patients, the Saxon test score was more than 2.00 g/2 min, which is considered negative for hyposalivation. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the age and sex of patients significantly influenced test scores. The mean Saxon test score was less than 2.00 g/2 min in older patients and women. Moreover, the test showed a significant correlation with other methods used to measure salivary flow. Conclusion: The Saxon test is useful not only for patients with SS but also for patients without SS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diagnostic criteria have been applied in several studies evaluating dry mouth in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) 6 . Many basic researches and clinical statistics are reported about SS patients 7,8 . However, few studies have assessed oral dryness in patients who have not been diagnosed with SS (patients without SS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Saxon test for patients with hyposalivation without Sjögren’s syndrome

Minagi

Yamanaka

Sakai

2020

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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“…Pilocarpine hydrochloride has been shown to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm formation and its pathogenicity (370). In the rat model of epilepticus seizure, intraperitoneal pilocarpine injection promotes activation of cholinergic neurons and dysregulation of brain homeostasis (371)(372)(373). It is known to have no severe side effects in humans as a parasympathomimetic drug (374).…”

Section: Pilocarpinementioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity

2021

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Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.

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“…The pioneering work of Fox and his colleagues 126 has demonstrated that muscarinic agonists (pilocarpine and cevimeline) stimulate both M1 and M3 receptors in salivary glands: by activating M3R, they promoted secretory function, and the effect of inhibiting inflammatory cytokine release and prevention of apoptosis is the result of binding to M1R; later studies have found that continuous administration of pilocarpine effectively can also induce M3R expression. 127 Other symptoms such as fatigue, anxiety and depression are associated with inflammatory responses, and non-invasive VNS reduced levels of cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in SS. 128 As mentioned above, receptor agonists and VNS may be used to treat SS.…”

Section: The Cap and Ssmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases

et al. 2021

Scand J Immunol

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The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a classic neuroimmune pathway, consisting of the vagus nerve, acetylcholine (ACh)-the pivotal neurotransmitter of the vagus nerve-and its receptors. This pathway can activate and regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as suppress cytokine release, thereby playing an anti-inflammatory role, and widely involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases; recent studies have demonstrated that the CAP may be a new target for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress with the view of figuring out the role of the cholinergic pathway and how it interacts with inflammatory reactions in several autoimmune rheumatic diseases, and many advances are results from a wide range of experiments performed in vitro and in vivo.How to cite this article: Lv J, Ji X, Li Z, Hao H. The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

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Benefits of long-term pilocarpine due to increased muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 in salivary glands

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Evaluation of the Saxon test for patients with hyposalivation without Sjögren’s syndrome

Evaluation of the Saxon test for patients with hyposalivation without Sjögren’s syndrome

Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity

The role of the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases

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