Benign External Hydrocephalus in Infants

Abstract

SUMMARY -External hydrocephalus (EH) is a benign clinical entity in which macrocephaly

Epidemiology of Benign External Hydrocephalus in Norway—A Population-Based Study

“…40,41 Depending on the imaging modality chosen, the age of the child and the selection of study population with regards to OFC, the upper limit above which the CCW is likely to be abnormal, ranges from 4 mm to 10 mm. 4,23,39,41,42 The corresponding ranges for SCW are 2 mm to 10 mm and for IHD 6 mm to 8.5 mm. However, no validated normal values exist and thus the cutoff values may differ between radiologists.…”

“…Many publications do not mention whether preterm infants are included. 6,11,17,[22][23][24] y Increased occipitofrontal circumference and/or large head only.…”

Is external hydrocephalus a possible differential diagnosis when child abuse is suspected?

“…BEH appears to share epidemiological and radiological characteristics with SBS/AHT. A combination of clinical and radiological findings in BEH includes macrocephaly, normal or moderately enlarged lateral ventricles and increased extra-axial fluid [2,17,20,38,43], in addition to specifically defined intracranial distances, such as craniocortical (CCW), sinocortical (SCW) widths and interhemispheric distance (IHD), for details, see [72]. This extra-axial fluid, which possibly is a reminiscent of birth-related SDH/subdural hygroma (SDHy), is usually chronic with small volumes of fresh blood, a key feature in the radiological diagnosis of SBS/AHT, but also a common complication to BEH.…”

Endovascular Treatment of Post-traumatic Carotid-cavernous Fistula Using Flow Diverter Stent

“…Other treatment options include: embolization of the cavernous sinus through venous side, therapeutic occlusion of the internal carotid artery or the use of stent grafts. Recently the use of flow diverters for the treatment of direct CCFs has been described [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] . these devices appear to be an effective option and should be incorporated in the armamentarium for the treatment of direct CCFs in association with the embolization of the cavernous sinus either through the arterial or venous route.…”