Benzodiazepine use as an independent risk factor for HIV infection in a Canadian setting

Ickowicz, Sarah; Hayashi, Kanna; Dong, Huiru; Milloy, M‐J; Montaner, Julio S. G.; Wood, Evan

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.017

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…One possible mechanism by which BZD intake can be connected to the risk of heart disease is infection with virus. When a total of 1,682 people who had no HIV at baseline were followed for about 80 months [ 35 ], BZD use was significantly associated with an increased rate of HIV seroconversion (adjusted risk ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.24). A cross-sectional study enrolling a total 354 subjects [ 36 ] showed that cardiovascular disease occurrence was higher in HIV-infected patients than HIV-negative subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of hypnotics and the risk of or mortality from heart disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Kim

et al. 2018

Korean J Intern Med

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Background/AimsSome observational epidemiologic studies have reported conflicting results on the relationship between hypnotics use and the risk of developing and/or dying from heart disease. We investigated these associations using a meta-analysis of available literatures.MethodsWe searched the databases PubMed and EMBASE, along with the bibliographies of relevant articles to find additional publications in February 2016.ResultsOf 495 articles satisfying our initial criteria, two case-control studies and six cohort studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the final analyses. Compared with never having used any kind of hypnotics, the odds ratio for overall use was 0.84 for risk of or mortality from heart disease (95% confidence interval, 0.79 to 0.89) in a random-effects meta-analysis of all eight studies. With respect to the geographical region, use of hypnotics was associated with a decreased risk or mortality of heart disease in Asia but not in Western countries. Among various types of sleep medications, zolpidem showed a decreased risk (–29%) of developing or dying from heart disease, but benzodiazepines were related with an increased risk (80%) of or mortality from heart disease.ConclusionsThe current meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies suggested an evidence of association between hypnotics use and a decreased risk of heart disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of hypnotics and the risk of or mortality from heart disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Kim

et al. 2018

Korean J Intern Med

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“…Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a possible factor that links benzodiazepine use to an increased risk of carcinoma. In 1,682 participants without HIV infection at baseline [ 18 ], benzodiazepine use was significantly related with an elevated rate of HIV seroconversion in the 80-month study period (RR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.01–2.24). Subjects with HIV infection are more susceptible to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection [ 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Hypnotics and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Kim

et al. 2018

Korean J Fam Med

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BackgroundPrevious observational epidemiological studies have shown inconsistent results on the relationship between hypnotics use and risk of cancer. To determine the association between hypnotics use and risk of cancer, we conducted a meta-analysis of available literature.MethodsWe searched databases PubMed, EMBASE, and the bibliographies of relevant articles to locate additional publications in February 2016. Three evaluators independently reviewed and selected eligible studies based on pre-determined selection criteria.ResultsA total of six observational epidemiological studies including three case-control studies and three cohort studies, which involved 1,830,434 participants (202,629 hypnotics users and 1,627,805 non-users), were included in the final analyses. In a random-effects meta-analysis, compared with non-use of hypnotics, the odds ratio for overall hypnotics use was 1.29 for various cancers (95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.53). Subgroup meta-analyses by various factors such as study design, type of case-control study, study region, and methodological quality of study revealed consistent findings.ConclusionOur findings from a meta-analysis of low-biased epidemiological studies suggested evidence linking the use of hypnotics to an increased risk of cancers. The results should be cautiously interpreted because of considerable heterogeneity with a Higgins I2 value.

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“…The prevalence of benzodiazepine injection varies widely, from <2-37% over periods ranging from past-month to past-year (Bennett and Higgins, 1999;Darke et al, 2002;Darke et al, 1995;Davies et al, 1996;Dobbin et al, 2003;Fry and Bruno, 2002;Gelkopf et al, 1999;Horyniak et al, 2012;Ickowicz et al, 2015;Nielsen et al, 2013;Nielsen et al, 2007;Van Griensven et al, 2005). The studies in which injection use is common (>20%) have typically included samples of injection opioid users (Ross and Darke, 2000) or have specifically recruited benzodiazepine injectors (Strang et al, 1994) or injection drug users (Hayashi et al, 2013;Kerr et al, 2010;Smyth et al, 2001) (see Supplementary Materials for additional information on benzodiazepine injection in these populations).…”

Section: Route Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals with opioid use, prescription drug misuse, or injection drug use Benzodiazepine misuse was associated with suicidal ideation or attempt (Artenie et al, 2015a;Artenie et al, 2015b;Darke et al, 2004) Benzodiazepine misuse was not associated with suicidal ideation or attempt, or associations were only significant in unadjusted but not adjusted analyses (Backmund et al, 2011;Maloney et al, 2009;Wines et al, 2004) Individuals with alcohol dependence Benzodiazepine misuse was associated with suicidal ideation or attempt (Preuss et al, 2003) General population samples in the U.S. Benzodiazepine misuse was associated with suicidal ideation or attempt (Blanco et al, 2018;Borges et al, 2000;Schepis et al, 2019;Schepis et al, 2018b) Adolescent samples outside of the U.S. Benzodiazepine misuse was associated with suicidal ideation or attempt (Guo et al, 2016;Juan et al, 2015;Kokkevi et al, 2012) Infectious Disease and Associated Behaviors Individuals with opioid use, prescription drug misuse, or injection drug use Benzodiazepine misuse was associated with higher rates of HCV and/or HIV (Bach et al, 2016;Bleich et al, 1999;Ickowicz et al, 2015) Benzodiazepine misuse was associated with risk behaviors for infectious disease (e.g., injection drug use, unsafe injection practices, risky sexual behavior) (Caplehorn, 1996;…”

Section: Suicidal Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review

Votaw

Geyer

Rieselbach

et al. 2019

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

300

214

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Background: Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this emergent problem. We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse to identify key findings, limitations, and future directions for research. Methods: PubMed and PsychINFO databases were searched through February 2019 for peerreviewed publications on benzodiazepine misuse (e.g., use without a prescription; at a higher frequency or dose than prescribed). Eligibility criteria included human studies that focused on the prevalence, trends, correlates, motives, patterns, sources, and consequences of benzodiazepine misuse. Results: The search identified 1,970 publications, and 351 articles were eligible for data extraction and inclusion. In 2017, benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers were the third most commonly used illicit or prescription drug in the U.S. (approximately 2.2% of the population). Worldwide rates of misuse appear to be similar to those reported in the U.S. Factors associated with misuse include other substance use, receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription, and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse encompasses heterogeneous presentations of motives, patterns, and sources. Moreover, misuse is associated with myriad poor outcomes, including mortality, HIV/HCV risk behaviors, poor self-reported quality of life, criminality, and continued substance use during treatment.

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Benzodiazepine use as an independent risk factor for HIV infection in a Canadian setting

Cited by 17 publications

References 30 publications

Use of hypnotics and the risk of or mortality from heart disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Use of hypnotics and the risk of or mortality from heart disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Use of Hypnotics and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review

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