Benzylamine-Free, Heavy-Metal-Free Synthesis of CL-20

Chapman, Robert D.; Hollins, Richard A.; Groshens, Thomas J.; Nissan, David A.

doi:10.21236/ada608401

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane, 40) has a particularly high performance, but it has failed to find many applications in explosive formulations due to the costs associated in making this material, which involves palladium catalysis. There has been interest from the environmental community to discovery metal-free syntheses of CL-20 [35], but no successful alternative has been demonstrated to date.…”

Section: Legacy Secondary Explosives and Why Interest Exists In Develmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tnt-free Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TNT failed to pass in all of these categories. Although TNT costs $6 per pound, and the DNAN/NTO formulation costs $8 per pound, the marginal increase in cost is trivial considering how many lives are likely to be saved in future combat situations [35]. A well-known TNT-based formulation, which commonly finds use in 60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm and numerous submunitions is the composition B (aka Comp B) formulation.…”

Section: Tnt-free Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in the Synthesis of High Explosive Materials

Sabatini

Oyler²

2015

Crystals

120

113

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Abstract:This review discusses the recent advances in the syntheses of high explosive energetic materials. Syntheses of some relevant modern primary explosives and secondary high explosives, and the sensitivities and properties of these molecules are provided. In addition to the synthesis of such materials, processing improvement and formulating aspects using these ingredients, where applicable, are discussed in detail.

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Section: Legacy Secondary Explosives and Why Interest Exists In Develmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tnt-free Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tnt-free Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in the Synthesis of High Explosive Materials

Sabatini

Oyler²

2015

Crystals

120

113

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Development of Green Energetic Oxidizers for Solid Propellant Applications: Present Status

Arun Kumar,

Purayil Dhanya,

Venugopal

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The quest for new high‐energy materials (HEMs) with superior performance properties compared to conventional HEMs has opened up a new area of research and has resulted in the synthesis of many novel molecules. The challenge is to balance superior performance with stability while adopting an environmentally benign approach during synthesis, use, and disposal. This multipoint challenge has united theoretical, experimental, and applied researchers toward achieving this goal. Oxidizers are HEMs that possess stoichiometric excess of oxygen, which is used to oxidize the binder‐fuel and solid fuel additives in solid propellants. Ammonium perchlorate (AP), a commonly used oxidizer in solid propellants, needs replacement due to environmental and performance concerns. The demand for new “green energetic oxidizers” has led to the synthesis of dinitramide and trinitromethane salts, polynitroazoles, and strained‐ring compounds. Some of these compounds can be effectively used as energetic fillers to improve the overall performance of the solid propellants. This review assesses AP and ammonium nitrate in propellant applications and the performance challenges associated with the use of ammonium dinitramide (ADN), hydrazinium nitroformate, trinitroazetidine, and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) in propellant formulations. The synthetic feasibility of these new oxidizers, their decomposition behaviour, performance, compatibility in propellant formulations, and ways to overcome these difficulties are discussed. Evaluation of the theoretical performance of these molecules indicated that the ADN − Glycidyl azide polymer is a promising combination. However, ADN is highly hygroscopic, and an anti‐hygroscopic strategy needs to be developed. Finally, this review examines the possible identification of practical oxidizers for application purposes.

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