Benzylideneacetone suppresses both cellular and humoral immune responses of Spodoptera exigua and enhances fungal pathogenicity

Intra‐ and trans‐generational effects of larval diet on susceptibility to an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella

“…Measuring both of these variables is common in studies focusing on insect immune function or virulence of pathogens (e.g. Adane et al ., ; Rosa et al ., ; Tefera & Pringle, ; Park & Kim, ). While the final mortality rate indicates the overall mortality risk from a pathogen in each treatment group, survival time can provide rudimentary information about the progression of disease in the individuals who get infected.…”

Eicosanoid biosynthesis is activated via Toll, but not Imd signal pathway in response to fungal infection

“…Biosynthesis of eicosanoids is inducible to pathogen infection presumably after nonself recognition (Tunaz et al, 2003;Park and Kim, 2011). Depending on surface molecular structures, various microbes are discriminated by specific pattern recognition receptors (Medzhitov and Janeway, 2000).…”

Effects of fluorine‐containing usnic acid and fungus Beauveria bassiana on the survival and immune–physiological reactions of Colorado potato beetle larvae

“…According to NMR spectra, compound FUA(B) is a mixture of two isomers, with differing trifluoromethyl fragment orientation, this was proposed based on duplicated peaks of the carbons in this part of molecule. The C spectrum of this compound has no signal of the carbonyl group of C‐13 carbon atom, at the same time there are specific signals of exomethylene group [5.99 and 6.50 ( 1 H) and 119.3 ( 13 C)]. These data, together with the value M + 476, allow us to suggest intramolecular rearrangement of FUA(A), flowing through the attack of the appeared in the presence of a base carbanion to the carbonyl carbon and subsequent dehydration (Fig.…”

“…Many infected larvae survive until the prepupal stage, therefore, the insects have enough time to inflict significant damage on plants. Furthermore, generalist ascomycetes, such as Beauveria and Metarhizium , have been adapted to kill the weakest insects, for example, those that have been stressed by different ecological factors . In this respect, it seems relevant to search biological or chemical agents that would serve as synergists for the fungal pathogens.…”