�ber den schalleitenden Apparat der Amphibien und Reptilien

Reinbach, Wolfgisbert

doi:10.1007/bf00522680

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…If Watson (1951, 1953, 1954 had followed the standard identifications of stapedial processes (see below), he could also be considered an advocate of ( 100) rather than ( 1 10). Reinbach (1950) argued (01 11, on a novel basis: he suggested that the extracolumella of the Anura was derived from fish spiracular cartilages of palatoquadrate origin, and is therefore not homologous with the extracolumella of the Reptilia, which was derived from the hyoid arch. The reptile dorsal process is in his view the homologue of the anuran extracolumella.…”

Section: Alternatives To the Standard Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the tetrapod ear: an analysis and reinterpretation

Lombard

Bolt

1979

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

125

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The dominant view of tetrapod otic evolution-the "standard view"-holds that the tympanum developed very early in tetrapod history and is homologous in all tetrapods and that the opercular process of the rhipidistian hyoinandibula is homologous to the tympanic process of the stapes in lower tetrapods. Under that view, the labyrinthodont amphibians of the Paleozoic are usually considered ancestral to reptiles, and thus the "otic notch" of labyrinthodonts and the tympanum it presumably contained form the starting-point for middle ear evolution in reptiles. Four problems have classically been identified with the standard view: the difrering relationships of the internal mandibular branch of N. VII (chorda tympani) to the processes of the stapes in amniotes and anurans; the differing orientations of the stapes in key fossil and living groups; the location of the tympanum in early fossil reptiles; and the transferral of the tympanum, during the origin of mammals, from the stapes to the articular bone of the lower jaw. An examination of these problems and of the solutions proposed under the standard view reveals the ad hoc, and therefore unsatisfactory, nature of the proposed solutions.To organize and review alternative hypotheses of otic evolution an analytical table is constructed, using three characters (tympanic process, Nerve VII, tympanum), each with two possible states. A total of eight hypotheses about middle ear evolution are possible under this system, one ofwhich is the standard view. The seven "non-standard" hypotheses, only five ofwhich have been argued in the literature, are briefly examined. Six of the "non-standard" hypotheses appear unattractive for various reasons, including reliance on ad hoc arguments. The seventh was first proposed by Caupp in 1898. I t is today almost universally ignored but apparently largely for historical rather than scientific i w s o n s . This hypothesis, her called the "alternative view", appears to rest on assumptions equally as plausible as those of the standard view. Moreover, it offers a solution of the problems associated with the standard view without, apparently, raising any similarly serious problems. This paper compares the standard and alternative views of middle ear evolution in detail. Comparison proceeds on two levels. O n one level, they are compared in terms of the hypotheses of phyletic tetrapod relationships each promotes and how strongly each supports its hypothesis. Both views promote the same hypothesis of tetrapod relationships. The alternative view is the more parsimonious, but the difference is not considered sufficient to provide a choice.On another level, the two views are compared in terms of their implications for: (1) the evolution "' Tlie srquence of authors was determined by the toss o f a coin.of relative and absolute auditory perceptive ability; (2) the origin of reptiles; (91 the evolution of the suspensorium and cranial kinesis; and (4) the origin and evolution of recent amphibians . The nature of the data required for a test of the implicat...

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Section: Alternatives To the Standard Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the tetrapod ear: an analysis and reinterpretation

Lombard

Bolt

1979

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

125

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“…There are no considerable sound reflections at the bone-cartilage boundary because 7 The ascending process is usually correlated with the upper process on the auricular bone of the reptiles. It is to be noted, however, that in the anurans the outer auricular bone is attached completely independently of the inner and may, perhaps, have a different origin (Reinbach, 1950). of the nearby acoustic resistance of the highly varied live tissues (Bergman, 1957).…”

Section: International Geology Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Functioning of the Sound-Conducting Mechanisms of the Labyrinthodonts

Tatarinov

1964

International Geology Review

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The development of the chondrocranium of Pleurodeles waltlii

Eyal‐Giladi

Hefzibah

Zinberg

1964

Journal of Morphology

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Pleurodeles waltlii is reared in many aquaria and its eggs are used for experimental embryological work. Embryologists have, however, been handicapped by the lack of accurate studies of the development and morphology of its chondrocranium. A study of the developing chondrocranium of Pleurodeles waltlii of six different developmental stages has therefore been carried out. The youngest stage used was 38 (Gallien and Durochet, '57) and the oldest was of a specimen at the end of metamorphosis. MATERIAL AND METHODSThree larvae of each of the six stages were fixed in Zenker's solution and decalcified in 1:6 Na-formate and formic acid. The heads were embedded in paraffin, serially sectioned, at 10 N and stained with azan. From each stage one larva was chosen for a graphic reconstruction of the chondrocranium. The reconstructions were carried out according to Pussey's method ('36) by using the drawings of eveiy second section at an enlargement of 50. Stage A (figs. 1 ; 2 ) Total length of larva 10 m m ; length without tail -6 m m The chondrocranium of this stage is comprised mainly of two symmetrical relatively large cartilaginous complexes (fig. 1). Each of these complexes is composed of a trabecula, which appears from the first to be continuous with the dorsal orbital cartilage (fig. 2) by means of an anterior preoptic root and a posterior pila antotica, between which the foramina for the second and third nerves are enclosed separated from each other by the pila metoptica. The fourth nerve passes dor-J. MORPH., 114: m -s m

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�ber den schalleitenden Apparat der Amphibien und Reptilien

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Evolution of the tetrapod ear: an analysis and reinterpretation

Evolution of the tetrapod ear: an analysis and reinterpretation

Functioning of the Sound-Conducting Mechanisms of the Labyrinthodonts

The development of the chondrocranium of Pleurodeles waltlii

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