Berry pericarp ontogenesis from fertilization to maturity of <em>Vitis vinifera</em> L. var Merlot

Abstract

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Grape-flower ovary transformations is followed from fertilized flower to berry came to maturity. Cell transformations are studied, especially vacuolar tannins, starch and cell wall thinning :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- From fruit setting to veraison, cell number of carpellary wall located between outer epidennis and vascular bundles is multiplied by 2.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Cell size increase considerably but by different means according to tissues: hypodennis cells elongate tangentially while inner parenchyma cells round.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Vacuolar tannins content in internal parenchyma cells decrease as soon as ovary is fertilized. During growth and veraison tannic cell number decrease. At maturity, only the most external cells (superficial hypodennis) still have vacuolar tannins. All the other cells of ovary wall have no more tannins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Wall thickness decrease begins as soon as growth starts and this phenomena is continuous to maturity. The wall thinning down begins near the locules of ovary and is propagated towards the ouside of pericarp.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Amyloplasts disappear progressively. At maturity, there is scarcely no more startch in grape-berry.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In short, except cells of berry skin, all the cells of ovary wall enlarge, lost their vacuolar tannins and the cell walls become very thin ; they are pulp cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;ln the pericarp of mature berry, hypodennis is very thin (less than 50 μm in places and 2-5 layers of cells). Pulp or flesh takes up a great place.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This work is consecutived to the one on ovary before fertilization (FOUGÈRE-RIFOT et al., 1995) that shown 20 development stages from ovary primordia to the fertilized egg. From fertilized ovary to mature berry the development of pericarp is divided into 5 stages (stages 21 to 25) :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 21 : first appearance of ovary inflation. Ovary takes a round shape. The thickness of carpellary wall is about 300 μm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 22 : fruit setting. Vacuolar tannins of inner parenchym disappear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 23 : berry growth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 23A : transformation of inner parenchym into pulp.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 238 : transformation of deep hypodennis into pulp&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 23C : pulp cell enlargement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 24 : veraison. The definitive size of the berry is about reached.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 24A : beginning of veraison. The hypodermis has still some thick walls.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 248 : end of veraison. The hypodennis cells near the outer pulp cells change into pulp cells&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;- Stage 25: maturity. Pulp is became very developped.&lt;/p&gt;

Not All Shrivels Are Created Equal—Morpho-Anatomical and Compositional Characteristics Differ among Different Shrivel Types That Develop during Ripening of Grape (&lt;i&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/i&gt; L.) Berries

“…Collectively, the growth of mesocarp and its water balance determined by supply of sap through peripheral vascular bundles, back flow to other organs, and by cuticular transpiration has dominant effect on the overall growth of the berry [13,31,38,39]. The same is true for apricots, peach, and apple and hence could be regarded as the general feature of the growth of many fleshy fruits [40] with a minor variation in grape berry in that the mesocarp is separated by the dorsal vascular bundles into inner and outer zones, the inner and outer mesocarp [41][42][43].…”

Mesocarp cell turgor in Vitis vinifera L. berries throughout development and its relation to firmness, growth, and the onset of ripening

“…However, in some fleshy fruit, low P of 0.1 MPa or less may be common (e.g., tomato, Grange (1995); Satsuma mandarin vesicle cells, Yakushiji et al (1996)). In grape, the expansion at extremely low P, the decrease in mesocarp cell wall per berry during Stage III expansion (Nunan et al 1998), and evidence of cell wall thinning (Fougere-Rifot et al 1997) and disassembly (Silacci and Morrison 1990;Yakushiji et al 2001) raise the question of whether Stage III expansion is ''growth'' of a fundamentally different nature than is typical of leaves, roots, etc., and presumably of Stage I in the berry and other fruit with multiphasic growth, where addition of new cell wall material is a key component of growth.…”

Differences in Softening of ‘Shigyoku’ and ‘Heukboseok’ Grapes during Harvest Period Appears to be Related to Differences of Pedicel Vascular Bundle

“…3A, 3D), 이는 Park et al,(2013)이 '만풍배'의 과실 구조에서 세포분열기에 세포의 분화가 완전하지 않 기간 내내 과피가 두껍게 유지되는 것으로 조사되었다( Table 1). Fougere-Rifot et al,(1997) 8469.4, 9704.4µm 2 로 '자옥' 포도에 비해 세포의 크기가 큰 것으로 확인되었다( Table 1). 이는 Bain and Robertson(1950) et al, 2005;Chatelet et al, 2008;Keller et al, 2015), 이 와 같은 연구결과는 키위를 통해서도 확인되었다 (Morandi et al, 2010;Clearwater et al, 2012,).…”