Beta-Carotene Increases Lung Cancer Incidence in Cigarette Smokers

Luca, Luigi M. De; Ross, Mikel

doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03926.x

Cited by 37 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The rationale for these trials was primarily based on epidemiologic observations, without the benefit of animal carcinogenesis modeling studies or a more mechanistic understanding of β-carotene actions. 215 There are inherent limitations to translating epidemiologic observations based on complex foods to clinical trials using a single nutrient given at a defined (usually pharmacologic replacement) dose for a finite period of time during the lengthy process of carcinogenesis. 216 Thus, the β-carotene experience emphasized the need for assessing multiple types of evidence when selecting a specific intervention strategy for phase III trials, even if this requires additional work to be done prior to trial launch.…”

Section: Current State Of the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cancer prevention: Current status and future directions

Maresso

Tsai

Brown

et al. 2015

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

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The heterogeneity and complexity of advanced cancers strongly supports the rationale for an enhanced focus on molecular prevention as a priority strategy to reduce the burden of cancer. Molecular prevention encompasses traditional chemopreventive agents as well as vaccinations and therapeutic approaches to cancer-predisposing conditions. Despite challenges to the field, we now have refined insights into cancer etiology and early pathogenesis; successful risk assessment and new risk models; agents with broad preventive efficacy (e.g., aspirin) in common chronic diseases, including cancer; and a successful track record of more than 10 agents approved by the FDA for the treatment of precancerous lesions or cancer risk reduction. The development of molecular preventive agents does not differ significantly from the development of therapies for advanced cancers, yet has unique challenges and special considerations given that it most often involves healthy or asymptomatic individuals. Agents, biomarkers, cohorts, overall design, and endpoints are key determinants of molecular preventive trials, as with therapeutic trials, although distinctions exist for each within the preventive setting. Progress in the development and evolution of molecular preventive agents has been steadier in some organ systems, such as breast and skin, than in others. In order for molecular prevention to be fully realized as an effective strategy, a number of challenges to the field must be addressed. Here we provide a brief overview of the context for and special considerations of molecular prevention along with a discussion of the results of major randomized controlled trials.

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Section: Current State Of the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cancer prevention: Current status and future directions

Maresso

Tsai

Brown

et al. 2015

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

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“…These long-term randomised trials raise concerns that vitamins might actually stimulate the development of cancer in high-risk individuals [ 26 , 27 ]. For example, β-carotene itself may act as an anticarcinogen, but its oxidized products at high concentrations may facilitate carcinogenesis [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, vitamins A and E, have been found to be damaging to mice with brain tumours, probably by preventing cancer cells from self-destruction through apoptosis [ 29 ]. The effectiveness of vitamin antioxidants in carcinogenesis is therefore still debatable [ 26 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Exogenous Antioxidants on Dietary Iron Overload

Asare¹,

Kew²,

Mossanda³

et al. 2009

J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.

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Summary In dietary iron overload, excess hepatic iron promotes liver damage. The aim was to attenuate free radical-induced liver damage using vitamins. Four groups of 60 Wistar rats were studied: group 1 (control) was fed normal diet, group 2 (Fe) 2.5% pentacarbonyl iron (CI) followed by 0.5% Ferrocene, group 3 (Fe + V gp) CI, Ferrocene, plus vitamins A and E (42× and 10× RDA, respectively), group 4 (Fe -V gp) CI, Ferrocene diet, minus vitamins A and E. At 20 months, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), Ames mutagenicity test, AST, ALT and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) immunohistochemistry were measured. 8OHdG levels of the Fe + V and Fe -V groups were 346 ± 117 and 455 ± 151, ng/g w.wt, respectively. Fe + V and Fe -V differences were significant (p<0.005). A positive correlation between DNA damage and mutagenesis existed (p<0.005) within the iron-fed gps. AST levels for Fe + V and Fe -V groups were 134.6 ± 48.6 IU and 202.2 ± 50.5 IU, respectively. Similarly, ALT levels were 234.6 ± 48.3 IU and 329.0 ± 48.6 IU, respectively. However, Fe -V and Fe + V groups transaminases were statistically insignificant. 4-HNE was detected in Fe + V and Fe -V gp livers. Vitamins A and E could not prevent hepatic damage.

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“…Understanding that lung carcinogenesis process in smokers is partially attributed to tobacco-related oxidative stress, it was hypothesized that β-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium will also show chemopreventive effect in a population with high risk for lung cancer. Three large primary prevention studies were conducted to investigate this hypothesis [90]. The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene (ATBC) Study was conducted in Finland in 1994, where 29,133 male smokers (smoked ≥ 5 cigarettes/day) were given a dietary supplement containing either α-tocopherol (50 mg/day), β-carotene (20 mg/day), both α-tocopherol and β-carotene, or placebo for five to eight years [91].…”

Section: Modulation Of Tumorigenic Pathways As a Chemoprevention Stramentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Current State of Lung Cancer Chemoprevention: A Comprehensive Overview

Ashraf-Uz-Zaman

Bhalerao

Mikelis

et al. 2020

Cancers

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Chemoprevention of lung cancer is thought to significantly reduce the risk of acquiring these conditions in the subpopulation of patients with underlying health issues, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and smoking-associated lung problems. Many strategies have been tested in the previous decades, with very few translating to successful clinical trials in specific subpopulations of patients. In this review, we analyze these strategies, as well as new approaches that have emerged throughout the last few years, including synthetic lethality concept and microbiome-induced regulation of lung carcinogenesis. Overall, the continuous effort in the area of lung chemoprevention is required to develop practical therapeutical approaches. Given the inconsistency of results obtained in clinical trials targeting lung cancer chemoprevention in various subgroups of patients that differ in the underlying health condition, race, and gender, we believe that individualized approaches will have more promise than generalized treatments.

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Beta-Carotene Increases Lung Cancer Incidence in Cigarette Smokers

Cited by 37 publications

References 11 publications

Molecular cancer prevention: Current status and future directions

Molecular cancer prevention: Current status and future directions

Effects of Exogenous Antioxidants on Dietary Iron Overload

Assessing the Current State of Lung Cancer Chemoprevention: A Comprehensive Overview

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