Beta-spodumene:Na2CO3:NaCl system calcination: A kinetic study of the conversion to lithium salt

Santos, Leonardo Leandro dos; Nascimento, Rubens Maribondo do; Pergher, Sibele B. C.

doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2019.05.019

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…2.1.5. Salt roasting method In addition to leaching using acids and alkalis, salt roasting methods have also been reported, as shown in Table 1 [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. The main flow is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Direct Acid Leaching Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

Liu

Lü

et al. 2022

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century. Because of the development trend of global electrification, the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade, and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time. Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market, lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries. This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources. Existing methods are summarized by the main resources, such as spodumene, lepidolite, and brine. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared. Finally, reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods. This review provides a reference for the research, development, optimization, and industrial application of future processes.

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Section: Direct Acid Leaching Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

Liu

Lü

et al. 2022

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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“…This confirms investigations by [47] that the ideal hydrothermal decomposition temperature for the process as 90-225 • C. It is mentioned that, the mixture of products from the decomposition process may be converted to sodic zeolite which when tapped increases the recovery and the purity of lithium carbonate produced. 94% and 70% lithium recovery were reached by working under high pressure and by adding sodium chloride, respectively, with this process [48,49].…”

Section: Chemical Thermodynamics Of Spodumene Processingmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Owing to this invention several other investigations have revolved around it for its optimization [48,49]. Chen et al [48] employed pressurized roasting of spodumene concentrate with sodium carbonate in an autoclave, yielding 94% lithium carbonate production with 99.6% purity.…”

Section: Other Processes To Spodumene Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chen et al [48] employed pressurized roasting of spodumene concentrate with sodium carbonate in an autoclave, yielding 94% lithium carbonate production with 99.6% purity. Research by dos Santos et al [49] using spodumene and sodium carbonate, promoted by sodium chloride, resulted in 70% lithium yield. The involvement of NaCl by dos Santos et al [49] was to aid the extraction of the residual lithium bound at the interstitial positions of the ore.…”

Section: Other Processes To Spodumene Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research by dos Santos et al [49] using spodumene and sodium carbonate, promoted by sodium chloride, resulted in 70% lithium yield. The involvement of NaCl by dos Santos et al [49] was to aid the extraction of the residual lithium bound at the interstitial positions of the ore. This reaction was conducted within 550-650 • C for 120 min.…”

Section: Other Processes To Spodumene Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Fosu

Kanari

Vaughan

et al. 2020

Metals

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This review adds to the public domain literature on the extraction of lithium from mineral ores. The focus is on the pyrometallurgical pre-treatment of spodumene. Information on the phase transformation from α to β, the heat treatment methods as well as the behavior of various compounds in the roasting processes are evaluated. Insight into the chemical thermodynamics of the baking process is evaluated using HSC Chemistry software up to 1200 °C. It was observed that the alkaline, sulfation, chlorination (using Cl2 and CaCl2), carbonizing (to form Li2CO3) and fluorination processes were feasible either throughout or at a point within the temperature range considered. Chlorination using KCl and carbonizing to form Li2O are the processes found to be nonspontaneous throughout the temperatures considered.

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Extraction of Lithium and Synthesis of Kaolinite from α‐Spodumene via Alkali Calcination

Xiong,

Hu,

Liu

et al. 2024

ChemistrySelect

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Extracting lithium from spodumene by sulfuric acid roasting is the largest commercialized way at present, which not only consumes a large amount of energy but also produces massive waste residue that will cause environmental problems. In this work, a new process for extracting lithium by directly decomposing α‐spodumene through alkali calcination is designed. The reaction of α‐spodumene with Na2CO3 at 750 °C for 2 h can decompose it and form nepheline and lithium silicate/sodium silicate. The nepheline and soluble lithium silicate/sodium silicate are separated by water leaching, and 93.9 % of lithium can be leached under optimal conditions. In addition, the synthesis of nano‐kaolinite is investigated with nitric acid solutions. Conversions of 98.7 % were obtained with 0.4 M nitric acid at 250 °C and an L/S ratio of 17.5 L/kg. The water leachate can precipitate Li2CO3 with a purity of 99.0 % by CO2 after desilicated by CaO. The final yields of Li2CO3 and kaolinite relative to the Li and Si content of the starting minerals are 91.4 % and 48.5 %, respectively. This new method achieves the full utilization of spodumene with lower energy consumption and demonstrates great potential for industrial applications.

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Beta-spodumene:Na2CO3:NaCl system calcination: A kinetic study of the conversion to lithium salt

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Extraction of Lithium and Synthesis of Kaolinite from α‐Spodumene via Alkali Calcination

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