Between returns and respectability: parental attitudes towards girls’ education in rural Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

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Determinants of Educational Exclusion of Children: A Study of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

“…Moreover, another study conducted in southern Punjab, Pakistan also verified the results that there were (60.5%) teachers, (52%) students and (17%) parents agreed that gender discrimination was the key obstacle in the educational inclusion of children (Sattar, Yasin & Afzal, 2012). It was also found that if the poor households got a chance to educate their children, sons were their choice because they considered that sons would look after them in their old age, and daughters would leave home after marriage (Oxaal, 1997;Hashmi, 2015).…”

“…The current research showed that there was a significant relationship was found (X 2 =65.126 a ), (P=.000) between the parents' attitude that limited financial resources families gave priority to sons' education, not daughter's education and the educational ___________________________________________________________________________ exclusion of the children. It was highlighted by Hashmi(2015)that 52 percent of household heads preferred male children over female children. Moreover, another study conducted in southern Punjab, Pakistan also verified the results that there were (60.5%) teachers, (52%) students and (17%) parents agreed that gender discrimination was the key obstacle in the educational inclusion of children (Sattar, Yasin & Afzal, 2012).…”

Gender Equity in Education

“…While such considerations were important among upper caste and elite groups earlier, the studies reveal that they have emerged strongly even in the case of groups that have only recently begun to access education for their girls (Still 2011). An empirical study to understand the determinants of parental choice with regard to their children's education in some parts of rural Pakistan revealed that the dominant taxonomy that was applied to decisions about girls' education was in terms of "returns" and "respectability" (Purewal and Hashmi 2014). Similar considerations are evident from the ethnographic study of Dalit families in a southern state of India (Still 2011) and among low income families in a Muslim-dominated village also in South India (Roy 2015).…”

The Gendered Biopolitics of Sex Selection in India

“…Girls' agency, derived from education, allows them to pose a challenge to social norms; at the same time rising aspirations of parents for daughters reveal a willingness to subvert or manipulate social norms that come in the way, as in the case of girls moving to other cities for education or taking up call centre work that requires working night shifts (Tara and Vigneswara Ilavarasan 2009). Daughters are also being increasingly contrasted with "worthless" sons who are unable to fulfil their filial duties of economic and affective support towards parents and shifting expectations of greater reliance on support from daughters, even married ones (Croll 2006;Purewal and Hashmi 2015;John 2018).…”