2020
DOI: 10.3390/d12010034
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Beyond Endocasts: Using Predicted Brain-Structure Volumes of Extinct Birds to Assess Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Inferences

Abstract: The shape of the brain influences skull morphology in birds, and both traits are driven by phylogenetic and functional constraints. Studies on avian cranial and neuroanatomical evolution are strengthened by data on extinct birds, but complete, 3D-preserved vertebrate brains are not known from the fossil record, so brain endocasts often serve as proxies. Recent work on extant birds shows that the Wulst and optic lobe faithfully represent the size of their underlying brain structures, both of which are involved … Show more

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Cited by 22 publications
(42 citation statements)
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“…Abbreviations: H, hyperpallium; OL, optic lobe; OT, optic tectum; W, Wulst. Scale bar = 5 mm Early et al, 2014Early et al, , 2016Early et al, , 2020Torres and Clarke, 2018), based on the assumption that the surface area of the optic lobes reliably estimates the volume of the underlying optic tectum. However, beneath the optic tract and optic tectum are the inferior colliculus and tegmental nuclei, and changes in the sizes of these regions could affect the surface area of the optic lobes.…”
Section: F I G U R Ementioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Abbreviations: H, hyperpallium; OL, optic lobe; OT, optic tectum; W, Wulst. Scale bar = 5 mm Early et al, 2014Early et al, , 2016Early et al, , 2020Torres and Clarke, 2018), based on the assumption that the surface area of the optic lobes reliably estimates the volume of the underlying optic tectum. However, beneath the optic tract and optic tectum are the inferior colliculus and tegmental nuclei, and changes in the sizes of these regions could affect the surface area of the optic lobes.…”
Section: F I G U R Ementioning
confidence: 99%
“…As shown in Figure 7c, there is considerable scatter around the regression line, the confidence and prediction intervals are quite large, and the slope and correlation coefficients are low (Table 2). (Ashwell and Scofield, 2008;Milner and Walsh, 2009;Scofield and Ashwell, 2009;Walsh and Milner, 2011b;Ksepka et al, 2012;Smith and Clarke, 2012;Walsh et al, 2013;Early et al, 2014Early et al, , 2016Early et al, , 2020Kawabe et al, 2014;Tambussi et al, 2015;Carril et al, 2016;Gold et al, 2016;Proffitt et al, 2016;Torres and Clarke, 2018).…”
Section: Re Sultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…1 ), from Rodrigues Island 5 , 38 , and ten crania of extant owls, were imaged through x-ray microtomography at ENS de Lyon (GE Phoenix Nanotom 180 device (platform US8/UMS3444 SFR BioSciences), in order to obtain 3D reconstructions of cranium, endocast and inner ear, as well as virtual sections of cranium. Brain endocast is considered to be an excellent proxy of the underlying brain structure in birds 39 . Avizo Lite 9.0.1 and Meshlab 2016 were used for image treatment and measurements (provided in electronic supplementary material) (Supplementary Figs.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%