“…The second wave of research, focusing on implementation after the initial start-up years, however, challenged the notion that programming initiated by higher levels of government would never be implemented (Odden, 1991). Instead, longitudinal studies of state and federal categorical aid programs in education repeatedly found that time, coupled with "mutual adaptation," or opportunities for educators to tailor programs to meet their local needs and circumstances, led to support for new program initiatives, the local capacity to run them, and, ultimately, the provision of services to targeted student populations (Berman & McLaughlin, 1975;Birman, Orland, Jung, Anson, & Garcia, 1987;Jung & Kirst, 1986;Sarason, 1982). As it turned out, it was possible to implement state and federal education reform at the local level.…”