Beyond the forest plot: The drapery plot

Rücker, Gerta; Schwarzer, Guido

doi:10.1002/jrsm.1410

Cited by 84 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…To reduce the impact heterogeneity in each study, we used the random-effects model described by DerSimonian and Laird [ 69 ] to estimate the effect of the intervention and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) with the aim of improving the generalization of our findings. Cohen’s standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to calculate the pooled effect [ 70 ], which can be interpreted as small (SMD = 0.2), moderate (SMD = 0.5), and large (SMD > 0.8) [ 71 ] and can be displayed as a forest plot [ 72 ]. The risk of publication bias was assessed with the symmetry or asymmetry present in the funnel plot [ 73 ], with Egger’s test (where p < 0.1 suggests risk of publication bias) [ 74 ] and with the Trim and Fill method [ 74 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leap Motion Controller Video Game-Based Therapy for Upper Extremity Motor Recovery in Patients with Central Nervous System Diseases. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Cortés‐Pérez

Zagalaz-Anula

Montoro-Cárdenas

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Leap Motion Controller (LMC) is a virtual reality device that can be used in the rehabilitation of central nervous system disease (CNSD) motor impairments. This review aimed to evaluate the effect of video game-based therapy with LMC on the recovery of upper extremity (UE) motor function in patients with CNSD. A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed in PubMed Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and PEDro. We included five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with CNSD in which LMC was used as experimental therapy compared to conventional therapy (CT) to restore UE motor function. Pooled effects were estimated with Cohen’s standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). At first, in patients with stroke, LMC showed low-quality evidence of a large effect on UE mobility (SMD = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.47, 1.45). In combination with CT, LMC showed very low-quality evidence of a large effect on UE mobility (SMD = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.49, 2.19) and the UE mobility-oriented task (SMD = 1.26; 95% CI = 0.42, 2.10). Second, in patients with non-acute CNSD (cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease), LMC showed low-quality evidence of a medium effect on grip strength (GS) (SMD = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.90) and on gross motor dexterity (GMD) (SMD = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.28, 1.17) in the most affected UE. In combination with CT, LMC showed very low-quality evidence of a high effect in the most affected UE on GMD (SMD = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.06, 1.15) and fine motor dexterity (FMD) (SMD = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.07, 1.57). In stroke, LMC improved UE mobility and UE mobility-oriented tasks, and in non-acute CNSD, LMC improved the GS and GMD of the most affected UE and FMD when it was used with CT.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leap Motion Controller Video Game-Based Therapy for Upper Extremity Motor Recovery in Patients with Central Nervous System Diseases. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Cortés‐Pérez

Zagalaz-Anula

Montoro-Cárdenas

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Graphs of P-values or their equivalent have been promoted for decades [40,[60][61][62]], yet their adoption has been slight. Nonetheless, P-value and S-value graphing software is now available freely through several statistical packages [63,64]. A graph of the P-values p against possible parameter values allows one to see at a glance which parameter values are most compatible with the data under the background assumptions.…”

Section: Gradations Not Dichotomiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semantic and cognitive tools to aid statistical science: replace confidence and significance by compatibility and surprise

Rafi

Greenland

2020

BMC Med Res Methodol

185

177

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Background Researchers often misinterpret and misrepresent statistical outputs. This abuse has led to a large literature on modification or replacement of testing thresholds and P-values with confidence intervals, Bayes factors, and other devices. Because the core problems appear cognitive rather than statistical, we review some simple methods to aid researchers in interpreting statistical outputs. These methods emphasize logical and information concepts over probability, and thus may be more robust to common misinterpretations than are traditional descriptions. Methods We use the Shannon transform of the P-value p, also known as the binary surprisal or S-value s = −log2(p), to provide a measure of the information supplied by the testing procedure, and to help calibrate intuitions against simple physical experiments like coin tossing. We also use tables or graphs of test statistics for alternative hypotheses, and interval estimates for different percentile levels, to thwart fallacies arising from arbitrary dichotomies. Finally, we reinterpret P-values and interval estimates in unconditional terms, which describe compatibility of data with the entire set of analysis assumptions. We illustrate these methods with a reanalysis of data from an existing record-based cohort study. Conclusions In line with other recent recommendations, we advise that teaching materials and research reports discuss P-values as measures of compatibility rather than significance, compute P-values for alternative hypotheses whenever they are computed for null hypotheses, and interpret interval estimates as showing values of high compatibility with data, rather than regions of confidence. Our recommendations emphasize cognitive devices for displaying the compatibility of the observed data with various hypotheses of interest, rather than focusing on single hypothesis tests or interval estimates. We believe these simple reforms are well worth the minor effort they require.

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“…SMD can be interpreted as small (SMD = 0.2), medium (SMD = 0.5) or large (SMD > 0.8) [ 31 ]. Our findings were displayed in the forest plots [ 32 ]. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q -test and the degree of inconsistency (I 2 ) from Higgins et al (low < 25%, medium 25–50% and large > 50%) and p -value ( p < 0.1 indicate the presence of heterogeneity) [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration of Postural Balance in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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Balance problems are one of the most frequent symptoms in patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). However, the extent and nature of this balance disorder are not known. The objective of this work was to determine the best evidence for the alteration of postural balance in patients with FMS and analyze differences with healthy controls. To meet this objective, a systematic review with meta-analysis was performed. A bibliographical search was carried out in PubMed Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and SciELO. Observational studies that assessed postural balance in patients with FMS compared to healthy subjects in baseline conditions, were selected. In a random-effect model, the pooled effect was calculated with the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Nineteen studies reporting data of 2347 participants (95% female) were included. FMS patients showed poor balance with a large effect on static (SMD = 1.578; 95% CI = 1.164, 1.992), dynamic (SMD = 0.946; 95% CI = 0.598, 1.294), functional balance (SMD = 1.138; 95% CI = 0.689, 1.588) and on balance confidence (SMD = 1.194; 95% CI = 0.914, 1.473). Analysis of the Sensory Organization Test showed large alteration of vestibular (SMD = 1.631; 95% CI = 0.467, 2.795) and visual scores (SMD = 1.317; 95% CI = 0.153, 2.481) compared to healthy controls. Patients with FMS showed worse scores for different measures of postural balance compared to healthy controls. Concretely, FMS patients appear to have poor vestibular and visual scores with a possible somatosensory dependence.

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Beyond the forest plot: The drapery plot

Cited by 84 publications

References 27 publications

Leap Motion Controller Video Game-Based Therapy for Upper Extremity Motor Recovery in Patients with Central Nervous System Diseases. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Leap Motion Controller Video Game-Based Therapy for Upper Extremity Motor Recovery in Patients with Central Nervous System Diseases. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Semantic and cognitive tools to aid statistical science: replace confidence and significance by compatibility and surprise

Alteration of Postural Balance in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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