“…Further, some studies have found reciprocal relationships between delinquency and substance use (Mason & Windle, 2002) whereas other studies have not (Dembo et al, 1995; Dembo, Williams, Wothke, & Schmeidler, 1994). In general, studies in this area differ in terms of the substances examined (e.g., alcohol, drugs, or some combination), the time periods investigated, and samples utilized, such as school based youth (e.g., Barnes et al, 2002; Mason & Windle, 2002), high risk, juvenile justice involved youth (e.g., Clingempeel, Henggeler, Pickrel, Brondino, & Randall, 2005; D’Amico, Edelen, Miles, & Morral, 2008), homeless youth (e.g., Paradise & Cauce, 2003); and youth with mental health concerns (e.g., Becker et al, 2012). Understanding the temporal ordering of substance use and delinquency in adolescence is critical in order to effectively intervene and prevent these behaviors from further escalation (Dembo, Wareham, Greenbaum, Childs, & Schmeidler, 2009).…”