Beyond Xeroderma Pigmentosum: <scp>DNA</scp> Damage and Repair in an Ecological Context. A Tribute to James E. Cleaver

Karentz, Deneb

doi:10.1111/php.12388

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 267 publications

(276 reference statements)

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“…Besides loss of bases and single- or double-strand breakage, the most common UV-B-induced damage is represented by CPDs, pyrimidine 6-4 pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs) and Dewar isomers [ 341 ]. CPDs are the most frequent lesions causing a block in DNA replication, impairing the normal function of replication of DNA, the transcription of genes and the synthesis of proteins [ 118 , 342 , 343 ]. The Antarctic ozone reduction may strongly increase the risk for CPD accumulation in the bulk of bacterio and phytoplankton, with consequences on the reduction of community growth and the loss of biomass from the water column [ 344 ].…”

Section: Uv Photoprotection In Marine Organisms: Antarctic and Nonmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV-Protective Compounds in Marine Organisms from the Southern Ocean

et al. 2018

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Solar radiation represents a key abiotic factor in the evolution of life in the oceans. In general, marine, biota—particularly in euphotic and dysphotic zones—depends directly or indirectly on light, but ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) can damage vital molecular machineries. UV-R induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairs intracellular structures and enzymatic reactions. It can also affect organismal physiologies and eventually alter trophic chains at the ecosystem level. In Antarctica, physical drivers, such as sunlight, sea-ice, seasonality and low temperature are particularly influencing as compared to other regions. The springtime ozone depletion over the Southern Ocean makes organisms be more vulnerable to UV-R. Nonetheless, Antarctic species seem to possess analogous UV photoprotection and repair mechanisms as those found in organisms from other latitudes. The lack of data on species-specific responses towards increased UV-B still limits the understanding about the ecological impact and the tolerance levels related to ozone depletion in this region. The photobiology of Antarctic biota is largely unknown, in spite of representing a highly promising reservoir in the discovery of novel cosmeceutical products. This review compiles the most relevant information on photoprotection and UV-repair processes described in organisms from the Southern Ocean, in the context of this unique marine polar environment.

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Section: Uv Photoprotection In Marine Organisms: Antarctic and Nonmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV-Protective Compounds in Marine Organisms from the Southern Ocean

et al. 2018

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“…Simultaneously, our knowledge about the effects of current and increased UVR levels on marine organisms has grown substantially and been the subject of a number of excellent reviews (e.g. Lamare (2011Lamare ( , 2014, Karentz (2014)), however, our knowledge about the effects of UVR on reef fish is limited. The aim of the study was to provide a baseline measurement for UV-induced DNA damage, measured as relative CPD quantity in fish from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DNA damage as the result of UVR exposure has received much attention in the literature over the last three decades (Sinha & Hader 2002, Buma et al 2003, Friedberg 2003, Banaszak & Lesser 2009, Dahms & Lee 2010, Lamare et al 2011, Daly 2012, Karentz 2014, Sinha & Häder 2014. In addition to DNA damage originating from both UVB and UVA irradiation, physiological stress as a result of repair pathways and oxidative damage caused by UVA exposure are contributing to UV stress.…”

Section: Chapter Six General Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At sites where polymerase stalls, higher torsion can lead to strand breaks (Karentz 2014). The prevention of replication due to double-strand breaks at UV-damaged sites in the DNA is also seen as a major trigger for apoptosis (Batista et al 2009).…”

Section: Uv-induced Dna Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whether this could lead to changes in an even broader context (e.g. recruitment) on a coral reef needs to be examined, but evidence for the wideranging effects of UVR exist (Paul & Gwynn-Jones 2003, Häder et al 2007, Karentz 2014, Bornman et al 2015.…”

Section: Role Of Uv Vision and Communication In Avoidance Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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UV-induced DNA damage in coral reef fish: damage levels and protection mechanisms

Braun¹

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Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the surface of earth has been recognized as a major environmental stressor for marine organisms due to the potential of UVB (280 -315 nm) to induce DNA damage such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) that can lead to cell death. Despite inhabiting a UV-rich environment, the levels of DNA damage in reef fish and factors influencing these levels are unknown. Whether reef fish are able to avoid UVR and repair UV-induced DNA damage is unclear despite the importance of these protection mechanisms in other animals. The presence of UV-absorbing Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs) in the external mucus of reef fish has been confirmed, however the efficiency of these compounds in preventing CPDs has not been studied. The aim of this PhD was to assess the impact of ambient and elevated levels of UVR on reef fish in terms of UV-induced DNA damage, and to evaluate the protective mechanisms available to fish with and without UV vision.In order to determine the net level of DNA damage in skin samples of 15 species of fish from the reefs surrounding Lizard Island, a CPD-specific antibody was used in an ELISA. Analysis using a boosted regression tree shows that the most important factors governing CPDs were species and size, with higher damage being detected in smaller individuals. Other factors such as family, depth and the presence or absence of UV vision contributed the least to the variation in damage. The length of exposure to natural levels of UVR over the course of a day was found to have no significant influence on net DNA damage levels, which were relatively low in situ, compared to levels that were detected in later experiments using elevated UVR.The first protection mechanism, behavioural avoidance to UVR, was tested using behavioural experiments in which fish with (Pomacentrus amboinensis) and without UV vision (Thalassoma lunare) were given a choice between UV-protected and UV-exposed compartments. Additionally, foraging behaviour of settlement-stage larvae of P. amboinensis was determined under ambient levels of UVR. Automated analysis of video footage using MatLab shows that neither species showed a specific avoidance response to varying levels of UVB. Although P. amboinensis showed a preference for deeper sections of the experimental tanks, fish spent equal amounts of time in exposed and protected compartments. The foraging activity and distance to shelter of P. amboinensis that were exposed to UVR were significantly reduced compared to fish that were observed under light conditions that lacked UVR.Next, the efficiency of natural sunscreens, MAAs, in preventing CPDs was tested in P. amboinensis and T. lunare. The levels of MAAs in the mucus of the two species were either reduced or maintained during captivity before exposure to a short pulse of high UVR.Spectrometric measurements of light transmission through mucus samples collected after irradiation were used to quantify the amount of MAAs available for protection. In both species, DNA damage levels in skin sampl...

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Causes of Variation in the Rate of Molecular Evolution

Bromham

2020

The Molecular Evolutionary Clock

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Beyond Xeroderma Pigmentosum: DNA Damage and Repair in an Ecological Context. A Tribute to James E. Cleaver

Cited by 9 publications

References 267 publications

UV-Protective Compounds in Marine Organisms from the Southern Ocean

UV-Protective Compounds in Marine Organisms from the Southern Ocean

UV-induced DNA damage in coral reef fish: damage levels and protection mechanisms

Causes of Variation in the Rate of Molecular Evolution

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