BFCRI: A Blockchain-Based Framework for Crowdsourcing With Reputation and Incentive

Blockchain‐assisted twin migration for vehicular metaverses: A game theory approach

“…27,32,33 In this article, we consider that there is a set of R RSUs, R = {1, … , r, … , R}, and a set of V VMUs, V = {1, … , v, … , V}. We use a 4-tuple vector w v∶r = {b v∶r , d v∶r , u v∶r , 𝛼 v∶r } to denote the reputation opinion of VMU v to RSU r. 33 b v∶r , d v∶r , u v∶r , and 𝛼 v∶r represent belief, disbelief, uncertainty, and the base rate of VMU v toward RSU r, respectively, where b v∶r , d v∶r , u v∶r , 𝛼 v∶r ∈ [0, 1] and b v∶r + d v∶r + u v∶r = 1. Belief and disbelief are mapped from the interactions between VMUs and RSUs positively and negatively, respectively.…”

“…32 Therefore, the reputation of the recommended opinion is 𝛾 m∶r = 𝜌 m F m∶r , where 𝜌 m ∈ [0, 1] is a predefined parameter for reputation calculation. 32 Considering that the recommender's familiarity with RSU r can better use the existing information to reduce the uncertainty value, 33…”

“…The authors in Reference 29 proposed a subjective logic model, the model proposes the concept of fact space and idea space to quantify trust relationships and offers a series of subjective logic operations for trust computation and comprehensive derivation, 30 and it can quantify trust, doubt and uncertainty, taking into account the credibility of the source of opinion, which is a widely used mathematical tool for reliability modeling 31 . Therefore, the subjective logic model in computing reputation has been widely utilized 27,32,33 . In this article, we consider that there is a set of $$$ R $$$ RSUs, $$$ \mathbb{R}=\left\{1,\dots, r,\dots, R\right\} $$$, and a set of $$$ V $$$ VMUs, .…”

“…In this article, we consider that there is a set of $$$ R $$$ RSUs, $$$ \mathbb{R}=\left\{1,\dots, r,\dots, R\right\} $$$, and a set of $$$ V $$$ VMUs, . We use a 4‐tuple vector $$$ {w}_{v:r}=\left\{{b}_{v:r},{d}_{v:r},{u}_{v:r},{\alpha}_{v:r}\right\} $$$ to denote the reputation opinion of VMU $$$ v $$$ to RSU $$$ r $$$ 33 . $$$ {b}_{v:r} $$$, $$$ {d}_{v:r} $$$, $$$ {u}_{v:r} $$$, and $$$ {\alpha}_{v:r} $$$ represent belief, disbelief, uncertainty, and the base rate of VMU $$$ v $$$ toward RSU $$$ r $$$, respectively, where …”

“…Considering that the recommender's familiarity with RSU $$$ r $$$ can better use the existing information to reduce the uncertainty value, 33 we use $$$ {\omega}_{m:r}^{rec}=\left\{{b}_{m:r}^{rec},{d}_{m:r}^{rec},{u}_{m:r}^{rec},{\alpha}_{m:r}^{rec}\right\} $$$ to denote the recommended reputation opinion of VMU $$$ m $$$ to RSU $$$ r $$$, where $$$ {b}_{m:r}^{rec} $$$, $$$ {d}_{m:r}^{rec} $$$, and $$$ {u}_{m:r}^{rec} $$$ are given by 27 …”