Bi-Level Passive Monitor Validation: A Reliable Way of Assuring Sampling Accuracy for a Larger Number of Related Chemical Hazards

Guild, Lloyd V.; Myrmel, K. H.; Myers, Gary L.; Dietrich, Deborah F.

doi:10.1080/1047322x.1992.10390161

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…According to both domestic and international research, passive samplers have been proven as effective as active samplers for organic solvents such as benzene [ 9 , 10 ]. The passive samplers used in this survey have been used worldwide to collect samples of organic solvents in the industrial hygiene sector.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Occupational Exposure to Benzene during Turnaround in the Petrochemical Industries

Chung¹,

Shin²,

Lee³

et al. 2010

Safety and Health at Work

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ObjectivesThe level of benzene exposure in the petrochemical industry during regular operation has been well established, but not in turnaround (TA), where high exposure may occur. In this study, the characteristics of occupational exposure to benzene during TA in the petrochemical companies were investigated in order to determine the best management strategies and improve the working environment. This was accomplished by evaluating the exposure level for the workers working in environments where benzene was being produced or used as an ingredient during the unit process.MethodsFrom 2003 to 2008, a total of 705 workers in three petrochemical companies in Korea were studied. Long- and short-term (< 1 hr) samples were taken during TAs. TA was classified into three stages: shut-down, maintenance and start-up. All works were classified into 12 occupation categories.ResultsThe long-term geometric mean (GM) benzene exposure level was 0.025 (5.82) ppm (0.005-42.120 ppm) and the short-term exposure concentration during TA was 0.020 (17.42) ppm (0.005-61.855 ppm). The proportions of TA samples exceeding the time-weighted average, occupational exposure level (TWA-OEL in Korea, 1 ppm) and the short-term exposure limit (STEL-OEL, 5 ppm) were 4.1% (20 samples of 488) and 6.0% (13 samples of 217), respectively. The results for the benzene exposure levels and the rates of exceeding the OEL were both statistically significant (p < 0.05). Among the 12 job categories of petrochemical workers, mechanical engineers, plumbers, welders, fieldman and scaffolding workers exhibited long-term samples that exceeded the OEL of benzene, and the rate of exceeding the OEL was statistically significant for the first two occupations (p < 0.05).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the periodic work environment must be assessed during non-routine works such as TA.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Occupational Exposure to Benzene during Turnaround in the Petrochemical Industries

Chung¹,

Shin²,

Lee³

et al. 2010

Safety and Health at Work

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“…Passive samplers have been used for industrial hygiene monitoring for decades, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and their application to the low concentrations of interest for vapor intrusion has been more recently evaluated. [29][30][31][32] International standards are available describing the sampling procedure and the sampler performance assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive sampling for volatile organic compounds in indoor air-controlled laboratory comparison of four sampler types

McAlary

Groenevelt²,

Disher³

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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This article describes laboratory testing of four passive diffusive samplers for assessing indoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including SKC Ultra II, Radiello®, Waterloo Membrane Sampler (WMS) and Automated Thermal Desorption (ATD) tubes with two different sorbents (Tenax TA and Carbopack B). The testing included 10 VOCs (including chlorinated ethenes, ethanes, and methanes, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons), spanning a range of properties and including some compounds expected to pose challenges (naphthalene, methyl ethyl ketone). Tests were conducted at different temperatures (17 to 30 °C), relative humidities (30 to 90% RH), face velocities (0.014 to 0.41 m s(-1)), concentrations (1 to 100 parts per billion by volume [ppbv]) and sampling durations (1 to 7 days). The results show that all of the passive samplers provided data that met the success criteria (relative percent difference [RPD] ≤ 45% of active sample concentrations and coefficient of variation [COV] ≤ 30%) in the majority of cases, but some compounds were problematic for some samplers. The passive sampler uptake rates depend to varying degrees on the sampler, sorbent, target compounds and environmental conditions, so field calibration is advantageous for the highest levels of data quality.

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confidence: 99%

“…A bi-level validation of diffusive samplers can be used to ensure accurate determinations of exposure. (6) It is important to note that bi-level validation is only for a series of homologous compounds and should include a full protocol validation on key compounds followed by a partial validation on other members of the series. The concept of 165 bi-level validation has been included in the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) protocol EN 838, (7) American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) Standard D6246, (8) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard 104.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Parachlorobenzotrifluoride, Benzotrifluoride, and Monochlorotoluene on Diffusive Samplers

Yost¹,

Harper²

2000

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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Three solvents (OXSOL 10, monochlorotoluene or mixed isomers of 1- chloro-2-methyl benzene and 1-chloro-4-methyl benzene; OXSOL 100, parachlorobenzotrifluoride or 1-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene; and OXSOL 2000, benzotrifluoride or trifluoromethyl benzene) produced by Occidental Chemical Corporation (Niagara Falls, NY) were considered as candidates for SKC, Inc.'s on-going diffusive sampler validation program. The 575-series diffusive sampler contains coconut-shell charcoal (575-001) or Anasorb 747 (575-002). Both samplers were used in this study. Desorption efficiency was tested at loadings equivalent to eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposures to 0.01-2 times the Occidental Chemical Corporation in-house limit values (respectively: 50 ppm, 25 ppm, and 100 ppm,. All results met the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) criteria of > 75 percent, and, except for the lower loadings of parachlorobenzotrifluoride, the results were in the range of 90-110 percent. The calculated uptake rates were verified for different periods of exposure, up to eight hours, and found to be within 5 percent of the calculated for all three compounds on both samplers. A detailed comparison of the results from different time periods indicated no significant reverse diffusion effects for any combination of sampler and analyte. Samplers exposed to standard atmospheres of each compound were stored for three weeks at ambient temperatures and reanalyzed with results between 94 and 107 percent of expected. Based on full validation of samplers for the lower homologue (benzene), the bi-level theory of sample validation as endorsed by international validation protocols establishes this as a complete validation of the featured samplers for sampling vapors of these chemicals in air.

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Bi-Level Passive Monitor Validation: A Reliable Way of Assuring Sampling Accuracy for a Larger Number of Related Chemical Hazards

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Characteristics of Occupational Exposure to Benzene during Turnaround in the Petrochemical Industries

Characteristics of Occupational Exposure to Benzene during Turnaround in the Petrochemical Industries

Passive sampling for volatile organic compounds in indoor air-controlled laboratory comparison of four sampler types

Validation of Parachlorobenzotrifluoride, Benzotrifluoride, and Monochlorotoluene on Diffusive Samplers

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