Bias in Intergroup Perceptions: Balancing Group Identity with Social Reality

Ellemers, Naomi; Rijswijk, W. van; Roefs, Marlene; Simons, Catrien

doi:10.1177/0146167297232007

Cited by 112 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…There is also evidence that the relationship between ethnic identification and outgroup evaluations and experiences may depend on the social position of groups and on characteristics of the intergroup situation. For example, some studies show that, when status differences are high and when ethnic boundaries are perceived to be impermeable and stable, minority group members may identify with their ethnic ingroup without demonstrating a strong ingroup bias (e.g., Ellemers, Van Rijswijk, Roefs, & Simons, 1997;Mummendey, Klink, Mielke, Wenzel, & Blanz, 1999;Verkuyten & Reijerse, 2008).…”

Section: Ethnocultural Attachment and Contact With Majority Group Memmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnocultural identification and naturally occurring interethnic social interactions: Muslim minorities in Europe

Schaafsma

Nezlek

Krejtz

et al. 2009

Euro J Social Psych

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This study examined relationships between ethnic identification and ethnic minority members' interactions with majority group members. Members of Muslim minority groups, ethnic Turks and Moroccans in the Netherlands and Chechens in Poland, described the social interactions they had for two weeks using a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record (RIR). They also completed measures of ethnocultural identification that distinguished involvement with and attachment to their ethnic minority culture and to the majority culture. Relationships between ethnic identification and contact with the majority group varied as a function of the dimension and source of identification and the aspect of interaction (quantity or quality) being considered. Across the samples, involvement with the ethnic minority culture was negatively related to the quantity of contact with majority group members, whereas emotional attachment to the majority culture was positively related to the quality of interactions with majority group members. Attachment to the ethnic minority culture was not related to either the quantity of interaction with majority group members or to the quality of these interactions. These results suggest that when studying interethnic contact, it is important to distinguish different dimensions and sources of ethnic identification and different aspects of interethnic contact.

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Section: Ethnocultural Attachment and Contact With Majority Group Memmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnocultural identification and naturally occurring interethnic social interactions: Muslim minorities in Europe

Schaafsma

Nezlek

Krejtz

et al. 2009

Euro J Social Psych

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show abstract

“…Secondly, when relating these very specific results to a broader social identity perspective, complex inclusive categories seem to have a particular function in the identity management of lower-status groups that helps to overcome some of the negative implications of such a lower-status position (e.g., Ellemers et al, 1997). One might argue that making salient that groups share an inclusive category can help lower-status groups' members to believe that there might be a chance for mobility toward the higher-status group that belongs to the shared inclusive category (e.g., González & Brown, 2005) or to have a better relation with members of the higher-status group (e.g., Ellemers, Doosje, van Knippenberg, & Wilke, 1992 Harnish, & Hodge, 1996;Mummendey et al, 1999;Terry, Carey, & Callan, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their claims are constrained by group members' perception of 'social reality' (Ellemers, van Rijswijk, Roefs, & Simons, 1997). Within superordinate categories members tend to hold and, to a certain degree, share between subgroups beliefs about social reality, including the relative prototypicality of subgroups.…”

Section: Relative Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex inclusive categories of positive and negative valence and prototypicality claims in asymmetric intergroup relations

Alexandre

Waldzus

Wenzel

2016

British J Social Psychol

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Based on the premise that groups' social standing and regard depend on their prototypicality for superordinate categories, minorities can be understood to suffer from the fact that they are considered as less prototypical than majorities. Previous research has shown that complex (vs simple) representations of superordinate categories can reduce majority members' tendency to perceive their ingroup as more prototypical than the outgroup. The current research tested whether such complex representations also increase minorities' own perceived relative ingroup prototypicality (RIP), leading to more balanced prototypicality judgments from both majorities and minorities. In Study 1 (N = 76), an experiment with two artificial groups of unequal status, a complex representation of a superordinate category increased the comparatively low RIP of the lower-status subgroup. Consistently, in Study 2 (N = 192), a correlational study with natural groups, the relation between perceived complexity of the superordinate category and RIP was positive for members of the lower-status group but negative for members of the higher-status comparison group. In Study 3 (N = 160), an experiment with natural groups, a more complex representation of the superordinate category led lower and higher-status groups to perceive greater equality in terms of relative prototypicality not only for a positive but also for a negatively valued superordinate category.These results have important implications for the understanding of social change: As superordinate identity complexity implies that included subgroups are more equally prototypical, it offers a normative alternative that helps minorities to challenge asymmetric status relations vis-à-vis majorities, but also promotes hope that majorities show bipartisanship in supporting such social change.

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“…What factors do enhance group identification? Jackson and Smith (1999) found four factors of group identification: Perception of the intergroup context such as antagonism or competition (Ellemers, Doosje, Van Knippenberg, & Wilke, 1992;Ellemers, Van Rijswijk, Roefs, & Simons, 1997), attraction to the ingroup such as similarity to group members or fair treatment (Brewer & Pickett, 1999;Brewer & Kramer, 1986;Tyler, Degoey, & Smith, 1996), interdependency belief and perceived common fate (Rabbie & Horwitz, 1969;Rosenbaum, Moore, Cotton, Cook, Hieser, Shover, & Gray, 1980), and depersonalization (Postmes, Spears, Sakhel, & de Groot, 2001). In this study, we focused on attraction to ingroup and interdependency.…”

Section: Abstract: Third Party Aggression Group Identification Coomentioning

confidence: 97%

Third Party Aggression: Effects of Cooperation and Similarity to Ingroup Member

Kumagai

Ohbuchi

2006

PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of similarity of group member and cooperative experience on aggression by the third party person who was not personally suffered. 96 participants were assigned into one of four conditions; 2 (high similarity or low similarity) × 2 (cooperative experience or noncooperative experience). In every condition, the participants observed the victim and then, they were given a chance to retaliate against the harm-doer. The result showed that the cooperative experience increased aggressive behavior. And the perception of threat and aggressive intent mediated between them. Further, the cooperative experience directly increased the aggressive intent and the similarity prompted the aggressive response. We discussed these results from a social identity perspective.

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Bias in Intergroup Perceptions: Balancing Group Identity with Social Reality

Cited by 112 publications

References 25 publications

Ethnocultural identification and naturally occurring interethnic social interactions: Muslim minorities in Europe

Ethnocultural identification and naturally occurring interethnic social interactions: Muslim minorities in Europe

Complex inclusive categories of positive and negative valence and prototypicality claims in asymmetric intergroup relations

Third Party Aggression: Effects of Cooperation and Similarity to Ingroup Member

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