“…In contrast, the implicit approach is more 'conventional' in that it encompasses the simulation of cyclic soil behaviour as a causal sequence of stress/strain increments, to be integrated in the time domain (step-by-step integration). To date, 0D-implicit and 3D-explicit approaches have been preferred to implicit 3D simulations -so far only rarely applied to monopile tilt problems (Barari et al, 2017;Sheil & McCabe, 2017). Nonetheless, implicit 3D FE modelling appears to possess higher potential to explain/predict governing geo-mechanisms (Pisanò, 2019;Jostad et al, 2020;Liu, 2020;Cheng et al, 2021), and is being increasingly adopted to study the cyclic/dynamic performance of OWTmonopile-soil systems (Cuéllar et al, 2014;Kementzetzidis et al, 2018Kementzetzidis et al, , 2019Kementzetzidis et al, , 2020.…”