“…In this way, we combine systems (1), ( 3) and ( 4) into one compactified system that is autonomous, but not necessarily C 1 -smooth. The compactification approach presented in this paper is akin to the Poincaré-type phase-space compactification (of the x-dimensions) that enables analysis of dynamical behaviour at infinity [10,20,13,30,28,15], collisions in many-body problems [29], stability of nonlinear waves [16,1], as well as higher-codimension bifurcations [12] and canard solutions in slow-fast systems [23,41,19,24,22] via blow up of singularities of vector fields. The difference between our work and these studies is twofold.…”