Big Signals from Small Particles: Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Nanoparticles

Abstract

Introduction 3391 2. Medical Applications of Nanomaterials 3391 2.1. Use of Nanomaterials in Diagnostic Applications 3392 3. Interaction of Nanomaterials with Living Cells 3392 3.1. Role of Physicochemical NP Properties in the Interaction between NPs and Biological Systems 3393 3.2. NP Uptake into the Cells 3393 3.2.1. Role of Size and Shape in NP Uptake 3393 3.2.2. Role of Surface Charge and Protein Corona on NP Uptake 3395 3.3. Activation of Signal Processing Pathways by NPs 3397 3.3.1. Interaction of NPs with Cell Membrane Receptors 3397 3.3.2. Role of Oxidative Stress and ROS in NP-Induced Signaling 3398 3.3.3. NPs Induce Cell Death Pathways 3400 3.3.4. Activation of Mechanotransduction Receptors by Magnetic NPs 3400 4. Magnetic NPs and Cell Signaling 3400 4.1. Controlled Activation of Cell Surface Receptors by Magnetic NPs 3400 4.1.1. Activation of Signal Transduction Receptors by Magnetic NPs 3400 4.1.2. Activation of Mechanotransduction Receptors and Mechanosensitive Signaling Pathways by Magnetic NPs 3400 4.2. Pathway Activation by Magnetic-NP-Induced Hyperthermia 3401 4.2.1. Molecular Targets of Hyperthermia: Heat Shock Proteins and p53 3401 5. Conclusions 3402 Author Information 3402 Corresponding Author 3402 Present Address 3402 Notes 3402 Biographies 3402 Acknowledgments 3403 References 3403

Iodinated oil-loaded, fluorescent mesoporous silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography/fluorescence trimodal imaging

“…46 Previously, we have observed that mesoporous silicacoated SPIONs had cytotoxic effects on neural progenitor cells (C17.2) when incubated with the particles at a concentration of 10 μg/mL (in iron) for 24 hours (viability: 76.62%±3.26%). 23 Although the cell tolerance of nanomaterials varied with the cell lines, [47][48][49] the improved biocompatibility of i-fmSiO4@SPIONs observed in this study may partially be due to iodinated oil loading, which filled the mesopores on the surface of fmSiO4@SPIONs.…”

Poly(vinyl alcohol) Physical Hydrogel Nanoparticles, Not Polymer Solutions, Exert Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Cultured Macrophages

“…Possible routes of activation of macrophages towards induced production of inflammatory markers include interaction with receptors on the cell surface, as is documented for nanoparticles, 5 as well as intracellular activation of nuclear transcription factors, 33 e.g. NF--κB.…”

“…1,5,6 Depending on application, metals, metal oxides, inorganic salts, lipids, polymers and other materials can be formulated into functional materials with sub--micrometer dimensions. Of these, hydrogel nanoparticles are particularly attractive as carriers for biologically fragile cargo 7,8 and as matrices for creation of intracellular sensors 9 .…”

“…5 Microscopic and macroscopic gels are among the most biocompatible materials, 31, 32 a notion which has been verified by their utility in tissue engineering and as implantable biomaterials. In contrast, biocompatibility of hydrogel nanoparticles is typically confirmed only through viability assays in cell cultures and as such knowledge on the subject remains rather cursory.…”

Nanotechnologies for biomedical science and translational medicine

“…Each of the elements of this properties matrix [which includes the Stokes radius, the surface charge (60,61), the density of surface chemical groups (62,63), and the elastic modulus (64), among others] can strongly influence in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) (i.e., circulation times, uptake within specific cells or within specific organs or disease sites, clearance route, and toxicology) (65,66). In particular, understanding which basic properties of nanomaterials can lead to nonspecific and potentially harmful biological interactions (67)(68)(69) in vivo is a very active field of study. In any case, this matrix of materials properties for optimization represents a sort of "opportunity hurricane" for the scientist or engineer.…”