Binding of Zearalenone, Aflatoxin B1, and Ochratoxin A by Yeast-Based Products: A Method for Quantification of Adsorption Performance

Abstract

A methodology was developed to quantify the efficiency of yeast-based products for adsorption of three mycotoxins: zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)), and ochratoxin A (OTA). Eight products were tested (yeast cell wall or inactivated yeast). The described experimental protocol based on in vitro tests provided reliable isotherms for each mycotoxin. The most suitable models were the Hill model for ZEA, the Langmuir model for AFB(1), and the Freundlich model for OTA. From these models, original mathematical affinity criteria were defined to quantify the product adsorption performances for each mycotoxin. The best yeast product, a yeast cell wall from baker's yeast, can adsorb up to 68% of ZEA, 29% of AFB(1), and 62% of OTA, depending on the mycotoxin concentrations. The adsorption capacity largely depended both on yeast composition and mycotoxin, but no direct correlation between yeast composition and adsorption capacity was found, confirming that adsorption of mycotoxin on yeast-based products involves complex phenomena. The results of this study are useful for comparing the adsorption efficiency of various yeast products and understanding the mechanisms involved in adsorption.

Fungal Detoxification of Certain Fusarium Moniliforme Mycotoxins Using Yarrowia Lipolytica with Special Emphasis on its Possible Mechanism of Action

“…Products containing yeast materials have potential to adsorb mycotoxins due to the physical properties of the yeast cell wall, which has structures that allow for binding of mycotoxins [53,54]. The β-glucan of yeast can from single or triple helix polysaccharide chains which can give adsorptive capacities for mycotoxins through hydrogen and ionic bonding, and van der Waals interactions [55].…”

Recent Trends in Microbiological Decontamination of Aflatoxins in Foodstuffs

“…The most important results obtained until now are summarized in Table 2. Products based on SC (cell wall from baker and brewer yeasts, inactivated baker yeast, or alcohol yeast) was studied, and it was observed that in pH 3, 37 °C and 15 minutes of contact, AFB 1 removal ranged from 2.5% to 49.3%, depending on the concentration of the toxin in the medium, and on the yeast-based products used [66]. These authors also observed a decrease in toxin adsorption as the initial concentration increased, and concluded that adsorption is not a linear phenomenon.…”

Evaluations of Different Sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Binding Capacity of Aflatoxin B1 Utilizing their Adsorption Isotherms

“…When isotherms are not linear, comparing the adsorption capacity of yeast products can lead to opposite conclusions, depending on the initial concentration of mycotoxins tested [24].…”

“…This type of curve indicates that the adsorption increases according to the number of molecules adsorbed, according to [24,32], a cooperative interaction between the adsorbed molecules may have occurred, resulting in a low affinity between yeast and aflatoxin. However, the autolyzed, inactivated and cell wall ferment for the time of 20 mins and the brewer for 10 and 30 mins can be classified as Langmuir, since a behavior close to a concavity can be observed.…”

“…As reported by Joannis-Cassan et al [24], several studies have tested the adsorption capacity of yeast products for various mycotoxins. However, most of these studies involved a single test, that is, the determination of the adsorption in only one concentration.…”