Binocular Rivalry and Visual Awareness in Human Extrastriate Cortex

Tong, Frank; Nakayama, Ken; Vaughan, J. Thomas; Kanwisher, Nancy

doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80592-9

Cited by 753 publications

(548 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These studies have found that activity during rivalry corresponds to activity during physical alternations of stimuli over a large posterior portion of the brain ranging from temporal (fusiform and parahippocampal) areas (Tong, Nakayama, Vaughan, & Kanwisher, 1998), over V1 (Lee & Blake, 2002;Polonsky, Blake, Braun, & Heeger, 2000), including monocular areas such as the blind spot representation (Tong & Engel, 2001) and extending all the way to the lateral geniculate nucleus (Haynes, Deichmann, & Rees, 2005;Wunderlich, Schneider, & Kastner, 2005). Thus, in these areas of the brain, fMRI activity during dominance is comparable to activity during monocular viewing and activity during suppression is comparable to when the stimulus is not presented to the subject.…”

Section: Accounting For Conflicting Neurophysiological and Imaging Evmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

2008

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a b s t r a c tBinocular rivalry occurs when the eyes are presented with different stimuli and subjective perception alternates between them. Though recent years have seen a number of models of this phenomenon, the mechanisms behind binocular rivalry are still debated and we still lack a principled understanding of why a cognitive system such as the brain should exhibit this striking kind of behaviour. Furthermore, psychophysical and neurophysiological (single cell and imaging) studies of rivalry are not unequivocal and have proven difficult to reconcile within one framework. This review takes an epistemological approach to rivalry that considers the brain as engaged in probabilistic unconscious perceptual inference about the causes of its sensory input. We describe a simple empirical Bayesian framework, implemented with predictive coding, which seems capable of explaining binocular rivalry and reconciling many findings. The core of the explanation is that selection of one stimulus, and subsequent alternation between stimuli in rivalry occur when: (i) there is no single model or hypothesis about the causes in the environment that enjoys both high likelihood and high prior probability and (ii) when one stimulus dominates, the bottom-up, driving signal for that stimulus is explained away while, crucially, the bottom-up signal for the suppressed stimulus is not, and remains as an unexplained but explainable prediction error signal. This induces instability in perceptual dynamics that can give rise to perceptual transitions or alternations during rivalry.

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Section: Accounting For Conflicting Neurophysiological and Imaging Evmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

2008

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“…For example, if two different objects or images are presented to the two eyes, either they are merged into one, if coherent enough (binocular fusion) [408], or only one of them will be seen at any one time (binocular rivalry) [409]. The same ever-present temporal integration span is responsible for the binding of different features (color, texture, luminance and so on) of the same object (feature binding) 56 and for the binding of several distinct parts of complex objects or scenes (part binding) 57 together [412].…”

Section: Phenomenal Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Natural world physical, brain operational, and mind phenomenal space–time

Fingelkurts

Neves

2010

Physics of Life Reviews

167

233

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Concepts of space and time are widely developed in physics. However, there is a considerable lack of biologically plausible theoretical frameworks that can demonstrate how space and time dimensions are implemented in the activity of the most complex life-system -the brain with a mind. Brain activity is organized both temporally and spatially, thus representing space-time in the brain. Critical analysis of recent research on the space-time organization of the brain's activity pointed to the existence of so-called operational space-time in the brain. This space-time is limited to the execution of brain operations of differing complexity. During each such brain operation a particular short-term spatio-temporal pattern of integrated activity of different brain areas emerges within related operational space-time. At the same time, to have a fully functional human brain one needs to have a subjective mental experience. Current research on the subjective mental experience offers detailed analysis of space-time organization of the mind. According to this research, subjective mental experience (subjective virtual world) has definitive spatial and temporal properties similar to many physical phenomena. Based on systematic review of the propositions and tenets of brain and mind space-time descriptions, our aim in this review essay is to explore the relations between the two. To be precise, we would like to discuss the hypothesis that via the brain operational space-time the mind subjective space-time is connected to otherwise distant physical space-time reality.Key words: spatial, temporal, consciousness, cognition, operation, architectonics, EEG, field, metastability, physics, coordinative dynamics, self-organization, cortex.

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“…Second, neuroimaging methods have revealedspecific face-selective regions in the fusiform gyrus, namely the ''FFA'' [7]. Third, FFA responses to vaguely face-like stimuli correlate with the subjective experience of face perception [8,[136][137][138], suggesting that the FFA responds to the face gestalt. Fourth, FFA responses are modulated by changes in facial features and configuration [139].…”

Section: Neural Substrates Of Identity Recognition In Healthy Adults:mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism and the development of face processing

Golarai

Grill-Spector

Reiss

2006

Clinical Neuroscience Research

158

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Autism is a pervasive developmental condition, characterized by impairments in non-verbal communication, social relationships and stereotypical patterns of behavior. A large body of evidence suggests that several aspects of face processing are impaired in autism, including anomalies in gaze processing, memory for facial identity and recognition of facial expressions of emotion. In search of neural markers of anomalous face processing in autism, much interest has focused on a network of brain regions that are implicated in social cognition and face processing. In this review, we will focus on three such regions, namely the STS for its role in processing gaze and facial movements, the FFA in face detection and identification and the amygdala in processing facial expressions of emotion. Much evidence suggests that a better understanding of the normal development of these specialized regions is essential for discovering the neural bases of face processing anomalies in autism. Thus, we will also examine the available literature on the normal development of face processing. Key unknowns in this research area are the neuro-developmental processes, the role of experience and the interactions among components of the face processing system in shaping each of the specialized regions for processing faces during normal development and in autism. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

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Binocular Rivalry and Visual Awareness in Human Extrastriate Cortex

Cited by 753 publications

References 15 publications

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

Natural world physical, brain operational, and mind phenomenal space–time

Autism and the development of face processing

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