Bio-based epoxidized natural rubber/chitosan/cellulose nanocrystal composites for enhancing mechanical properties, self-healing behavior and triboelectric nanogenerator performance

In this study, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) was extracted from Napier grass stems and subsequently functionalized to carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal (XCNC) by using an environmentally friendly method, namely, the KMnO4/oxalic acid redox reaction. The XCNC was subsequently modified with triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS), called VCNC, by using ultrasound irradiation. The characterization of the prepared XCNC and VCNC was performed. The needle-like shape of XCNC was observed with an average diameter and length of 11.5 and 156 nm, respectively. XCNC had a carboxyl content of about 1.21 mmol g−1. The silane treatment showed no significant effects on the diameter and length of XCNC. When incorporated into natural rubber (NR), both XCNC and VCNC showed very high reinforcement, as evidenced by the substantial increases in modulus and hardness of the biocomposites, even at very low filler loadings. However, due to the high polarity of XCNC, tensile strength was not significantly improved with increasing XCNC loading up to 2 phr, above which it decreased rapidly due to the filler agglomeration. For VCNC, the silane treatment reduced hydrophilicity and improved compatibility with NR. The highly reactive vinyl group on the VCNC’s surface also takes part in sulfur vulcanization, leading to the strong covalent linkages between rubber and VCNC. Consequently, VCNC showed better reinforcement than XCNC, as evidenced by the markedly higher tensile strength and modulus, when compared at an equal filler loading. This study demonstrates the achievement in the preparation of a highly reinforcing bio-filler (VCNC) for NR from Napier grass using an environmentally friendly method and followed by a quick and simple sonochemical method.

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“…However, the CrI value after the treatment slightly declined from 73.3 to 70.3%. Similar findings have previously been uncovered 33 , 42 , 43 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Fabrication of untreated and silane-treated carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals and their reinforcement in natural rubber biocomposites

Lorwanishpaisarn

Sae‐Oui

Amnuaypanich

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…103 Siriwong et al introduced silicon into the CNC and made a composite with ENR, then measured the element content of the suspected agglomeration point by EDX, and finally judged that the CNC had agglomerated in the matrix. 104 These different sample preparation methods are able to better distinguish CNC from the matrix for more CNC dispersion information in SEM images. The dispersibility of the CNC is difficult to judge.…”

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another report introduced the silicon elements on the CNC for EDX, which showed that the CNC was not visible in the images and had a low content of silicon elements, indicating that the CNC was well dispersed . Siriwong et al introduced silicon into the CNC and made a composite with ENR, then measured the element content of the suspected agglomeration point by EDX, and finally judged that the CNC had agglomerated in the matrix . These different sample preparation methods are able to better distinguish CNC from the matrix for more CNC dispersion information in SEM images.…”

Section: Direct Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersibility Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymeric-Based Composites

Zhu

Lin

2022

Biomacromolecules

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are hydrophilic nanoparticles extracted from biomass with properties and functions different from cellulose and are being developed for property-oriented applications such as high stiffness, abundant active groups, and biocompatibility. It has broad application prospects in the field of composite materials, while the dispersibility of the CNC in polymers is the key to its application performance. Many reviews have discussed in-depth the modification strategies to improve the dispersibility of the CNC and summarized all characterization for the CNC, but there are no reviews on the in-depth exploration of dispersion characterization. This review is a comprehensive summary of the characterization of CNC dispersion in the matrix in terms of direct observation, indirect evaluation, and quantified evaluation, summarizing how and why different characterization tools reveal dispersibility. In addition, "decision tree" flowcharts are presented to provide the reader with a reference for selecting the appropriate characterization method for a specific composite.

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“…Many attempts have been reported so far to enhance the polarity of NR and improve its compatibility with reinforcing fillers [ 16 , 17 ]. The modification of NR was accomplished by introducing polar functional components to its structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)-Grafted Deproteinized Natural Rubber and Its Effect on the Properties of Natural Rubber/Silica Composites

et al. 2022

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This work aims to enhance the polarity of natural rubber by grafting copolymers onto deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) to improve its compatibility with silica. Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)-grafted DPNR ((PAA-co-PAM)-DPNR) was successfully prepared by graft copolymerization with acrylic acid and acrylamide in the latex stage, as confirmed by FTIR. The optimum conditions to obtain the highest conversion, grafting efficiency, and grafting percentage were a reaction time of 360 min, a reaction temperature of 50 °C, and an initiator concentration of 1.0 phr. The monomer conversion, grafting efficiency, and grafting percentage were 91.9–94.1, 20.8–38.9, and 2.1–9.9%, respectively, depending on the monomer content. It was shown that the polarity of the natural rubber increased after grafting. The (PAA-co-PAM)-DPNR was then mixed with silica to prepare DPNR/silica composites. The presence of the (PAA-co-PAM)-DPNR and silica in the composites was found to improve the mechanical properties of the DPNR. The incorporation of 10 phr of silica into the (PAA-co-PAM)-DPNR with 10 phr monomer increased its tensile strength by 1.55 times when compared to 10 phr of silica loaded into the DPNR. The silica-filled (PAA-co-PAM)-DPNR provided s higher storage modulus, higher Tg, and a lower tan δ peak, indicating stronger modified DPNR/silica interactions and greater thermal stability when compared to silica-filled DPNR.

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Bio-based epoxidized natural rubber/chitosan/cellulose nanocrystal composites for enhancing mechanical properties, self-healing behavior and triboelectric nanogenerator performance

Cited by 26 publications

References 100 publications

Fabrication of untreated and silane-treated carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals and their reinforcement in natural rubber biocomposites

Fabrication of untreated and silane-treated carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals and their reinforcement in natural rubber biocomposites

Dispersibility Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymeric-Based Composites

Preparation of Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)-Grafted Deproteinized Natural Rubber and Its Effect on the Properties of Natural Rubber/Silica Composites

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