Bio-Circular Perspective of Citrus Fruit Loss Caused by Pathogens: Occurrences, Active Ingredient Recovery and Applications

Abstract

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) contribute to the improvement of production and consumption systems, hence, assisting in the eradication of hunger and poverty. As a result, there is growing global interest in the direction of economic development to create a zero-waste economy or circular economy. Citrus fruits are a major fruit crop, with annual global production surpassing 100 million tons, while orange and tangerine production alone account for more than half of the overall production. During pre- and postharvest stages of citrus fruit production, it is estimated that more than 20% of fruit biomass is lost, due, primarily, to biotic stresses. This review emphasizes causes of fruit losses by pathogenic caused diseases and proposes a bio-circular perspective in the production of citrus fruits. Due to substantial changes in fruit characteristics and environmental conditions, some of the most economically significant pathogens infect fruits in the field during the growing season and remain dormant or inactive until they resume growth after harvest. Peel biomass is the most significant by-product in citrus fruit production. This biomass is enriched with the value-adding essential oils and polysaccharides. For the complete bio-circular economy, these active ingredients can be utilized as citrus postharvest coating materials based upon their functional properties. The overall outreach of the approach not only reduces the amount of agricultural by-products and develops new applications for the pomology industry, it also promotes bio-circular green economic, which is in line with the SDGs for the citrus fruit industry.

Yeast Warriors: Exploring the Potential of Yeasts for Sustainable Citrus Post-Harvest Disease Management

“…The observation and characterization of P. digitatum colonies on a culture medium are essential for studying its growth, morphology, physiology and potential interactions with other microorganisms [39]. In this context, several scientific studies indicate that the P. digitatum colonies typically manifest by a velvety or powdery texture and vivid green color, owing to the production of conidial spores [40,41] The mycelium radiates outward from a central point, forming a circular or irregular pattern and often exhibits septate hyphae with branching structures [42]. Under optimal growth conditions, the colonies develop rapidly and produce an abundance of conidiophores bearing conidia at their termini, resulting in a strikingly green and flourishing appearance [43].…”

Egyptian Citrus Essential Oils Recovered from Lemon, Orange, and Mandarin Peels: Phytochemical and Biological Value

“…The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations are designed to ensure the global population's wellbeing and to preserve the environment in response to concerns about climate change and the scarcity of natural resources by 2030. SDG 12 focuses on promoting sustainable consumption, improving resource use efficiency, and reducing food loss through recycling and reusing [19].…”

Development of a highly sensitive colloidal gold semiquantitative method for the determination of difenoconazole residues in citrus

“…In view of the high risk of DIFE to fish ( 2 ) and mammals ( 3 ) and its high levels in indoor dust ( 4 ) and water bodies ( 5 ), to prevent excessive intake of DIFE by humans, the residue limit of DIFE has been clearly set in GB.2763–2021 National Food Safety Standard - Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticides in Foods ( 6 ) issued by China, which is 0.01 mg/kg per person as the tolerable daily intake. Citrus is the main fruit crop, with an annual production of more than 100 million tons, and the production of oranges and tangerines alone reaches more than 50 million tons ( 7 ), making it one of the most vital cash crops in the world ( 8 ). Citrus is the most exported fruit in China ( 9 ), but with the continuous increase in citrus commercial planting area and yield, citrus diseases and pests, especially diseases, have increased gradually, and the problem of citrus simultaneously suffering from multiple diseases appears which seriously affects industrial development.…”