Bio-Detoxification of Jatropha Seed Cake and Its Use in Animal Feed

Abstract

compound formed during seed maturation [12]. The seed of J. curcas has a high concentration of phytic acid, up to 10% of its dry matter [2]. Tannins are polyphenols water-soluble and polar solvents [13]. The tannin content in the seeds of J. curcas is low, representing only 3% of its dry weight [13].Detoxification of the Jatropha seed cake could allow its use as a protein-rich dietary supplement in the animal feed [1,14,15].The use of residue or by-products in animal nutrition can minimize expenditures on the development of food sources, such as soybean, cotton and wheat meals, without causing undesirable effects on the overall production system. However, it is first necessary to know the nutritional value and effects of the by-product's inclusion in animal diets.Some studies have used physical and chemical treatments to detoxify Jatropha seed [2,16,17]. These methods have been effective but require the use of chemicals that may result in other the presence of other residues. Conversely, bio-detoxification does not require the application of any chemical compounds. It may also reduce the concentrations of phorbol esters and anti-nutritional factors to non-toxic levels [18]. Methodology Microorganism, fungal growth conditions and inoculum production (spawn)The isolate Plo 6 of P. ostreatus used in this study belongs to a culture collection from the Department of Microbiology at the Federal University of Viçosa, MG, Brazil. P. ostreatus was grown in a Petri dish containing potato dextrose agar culture medium at pH 5.8 and incubated at 25 °C. After seven days, the mycelium was used for inoculum production (spawn) in a substrate made of rice grains [19]. The rice was cooked for 30 min in water with a ratio of 1:3 rice: water (w/w). After cooking, the rice was drained and supplemented with 0.35% CaCO 3 and 0.01% CaSO 4 . Seventy grams of rice was packed into small glass jars and sterilized in an autoclave at 121 ºC for 1 h. After cooling, each jar was inoculated with 4 agar discs (each 5 mm in diameter) containing the mycelium. The jars were then incubated in the dark at room temperature for 15 d. Substrate and inoculationThe J. curcas seed cake was obtained from an industry of biodiesel (Fuserman Biocombustíveis, Barbacena, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).To select the most suitable substrates for lignocellulolytic enzyme production, we conducted preliminary experiments with Jatropha seed cake and various lignocellulosic residues. We tested P. ostreatus growing on Jatropha seed cake with different percentages of eucalyptus sawdust, eucalyptus bark, corncobs, and coffee husks [20]. The addition of these agroindustrial residues was necessary to balance the carbon and nitrogen ratio, which might benefit mycelial growth [21][22][23].

Jatropha seed cake supplementation for improved fungal growth and later use as animal feed

“…The above authors pointed out that consumption and palatability of the feed was not diminished by the inclusion of detoxified Jc. Here, lignin and cellulose/hemicellulose content after fungal growth (Table 1) were lower than that reported by Kasuya et al (2012). In this study, Jc supplemented with 10% coffee husk and processed via fungal growth showed good potential for use as an animal feed.…”

“…Recently, P. ostreatus growth in Jc was observed to increase its in vitro digestibility and the amount of nonfiber carbohydrates and crude protein (da Luz et al, 2014), which are all desirable features for animal feed (Montagne et al, 2003). Moreover, Kasuya et al (2012) showed that Jc after P. ostreatus growth was well-accepted by goats, leading to an increase in dry mass intake. The above authors pointed out that consumption and palatability of the feed was not diminished by the inclusion of detoxified Jc.…”

“…However, these compounds can be degraded by bacteria (Joshi et al, 2011) or white rot fungi, such as Pleurotus ostreatus (da Luz et al, 2014;Kasuya et al, 2012). Similarly, fungi have been efficiently used to increase the digestibility and nutritional value of agroindustrial residue, such as cocoa husk (Alemawor et al, 2009), Brachiaria sp.…”

“…Jc has been used as a substrate for white-rot fungal growth (de Barros et al, 2011;Kasuya et al, 2012;da Luz et al, 2013;Da Luz et al, 2014). However, previous studies focused on the degradation of phorbol ester to improve the usefulness of this material.…”

Evaluation of Bio-detoxification of Jatropha curcas Seed Cake and Cottonseed Cake by Basidiomycetes: Nutritional and Antioxidant Effects

“…All fungi treated biomasses presented high-rate degradation (except for those with S. commune) reaching permissible levels for ruminant's feed. Signi cant reduction in FG content was also reported from other authors [24] working with Pleurotus sp., with degradation percentages reaching 100% [51]. In addition, some authors analyzing 06 basidiomycetes including P. lecomtei, F. hepatica, Ganoderma sp., and Pleurotus sp.…”