Bio-Mediated Synthesis and Characterisation of Silver Nanocarrier, and Its Potent Anticancer Action

Abstract

Discovery of a potent drug nanocarrier is crucial for cancer therapy in which drugs often face challenges in penetrating efficiently into solid tumours. Here, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a waste material, Garcinia mangostana (GM) fruit peel extract is demonstrated. The best condition for AgNPs synthesis was with 0.5 g of peel extract, 7.5 mM silver nitrate at 45 °C, ~pH 4 for 16 h. The synthesized AgNPs were spherical and 32.7 ± 5.7 nm in size. To test its efficiency to be used as drug carrier, plant-based drug, protocatechuic acid (PCA) was used as a test drug. AgNPs loaded with PCA (AgPCA) resulted in 80% of inhibition at 15.6 µg/mL as compared to AgNPs which only killed 5% of HCT116 colorectal cells at same concentration. The IC50 of AgNPs and AgPCA for HCT116 were 40.2 and 10.7 µg/mL, respectively. At 15.6 µg/mL, AgPCA was not toxic to the tested colon normal cells, CCD112. Ag-based drug carrier could also potentially reduce the toxicity of loaded drug as the IC50 of PCA alone (148.1 µg/mL) was higher than IC50 of AgPCA (10.7 µg/mL) against HCT116. Further, 24-h treatment of 15.6 µg/mL AgPCA resulted in loss of membrane potential in the mitochondria of HCT116 cells and increased level of reaction oxygen species (ROS). These could be the cellular killing mechanisms of AgPCA. Collectively, our findings show the synergistic anticancer activity of AgNPs and PCA, and its potential to be used as a potent anticancer drug nanocarrier.

Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity

“…MTS assay was performed as previously described [ 59 , 61 , 62 , 63 ] to evaluate the cellular killing effect of NCs. For both HCT116 and CCD112, 5,000 cells per well (100 µL/well) were seeded onto 96-well plates and incubated overnight in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37 °C for complete adherence.…”

“…The in vitro dialysis bag technique was used to study the PCA release behavior from MMT/CR/Fe 3 O 4 -PCA as previously described [37,58,59]. This study was performed using PBS solution with an adjusted pH of 4.8 (intracellular lysosomal pH) [60] and 7.4 (human blood pH).…”

“…In addition, inhibitory concentration causing 50% growth inhibition (IC 50 ) was determined using an online calculator (https://www.aatbio.com/tools/ic50-calculator) as previously described [59,[61][62][63].…”

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. heartwood extract synthesized chitosan nanoparticles and its biomedical applications

“…UV-spectrophotometric assessment evaluated the amount of plant extract released from nanoparticles using the calibration curve. Chitosan nanoparticles imparted sustained release to the drug wherein the drug was released up to greater than 85% from PM-CNPs in 15 h. The release rates of PM-loaded nanoparticles showed an initial burst release [54] of about 50% in the starting 8 h with a subsequent release of 35% in the next 8 h at a slower pace. In the initial phase, the burst release was quickly released into the medium due to drug adsorption on the surface of the chitosan nanoparticles.…”

Controlled release evaluation of paracetamol loaded amine functionalized mesoporous silica KCC1 compared to microcrystalline cellulose based tablets

“…Recently, mesoporous silica materials as drug carrier 1 – 3 have been widely used for improving the release rate of poorly water soluble drugs and delivering of therapeutic proteins 4 due to their intrinsic properties 5 such as non-toxic nature, good biocompatibility, easy functionalization, wide surface area with tunable pore size, high capacity of drug loading 6 – 13 , and superior capability to immobilize therapeutic molecules 14 . The majority of new drugs illustrate very poor bioavailability and solubility 15 – 17 , which lead to very low release rate during dissolution tests 18 – 23 .…”