Bioactive calcium phosphate–based glasses and ceramics and their biomedical applications: A review

Abstract

An overview of the formation of calcium phosphate under in vitro environment on the surface of a range of bioactive materials (e.g. from silicate, borate, and phosphate glasses, glass-ceramics, bioceramics to metals) based on recent literature is presented in this review. The mechanism of bone-like calcium phosphate (i.e. hydroxyapatite) formation and the test protocols that are either already in use or currently being investigated for the evaluation of the bioactivity of biomaterials are discussed. This review also highlights the effect of chemical composition and surface charge of materials, types of medium (e.g. simulated body fluid, phosphate-buffered saline and cell culture medium) and test parameters on their bioactivity performance. Finally, a brief summary of the biomedical applications of these newly formed calcium phosphate (either in the form of amorphous or apatite) is presented.

The effect of MgO/TiO2 on structural and crystallization behavior of near invert phosphate‐based glasses

“…Phosphate‐based glasses (PBGs) have attracted a lot of interest in the field of biomaterials and tissue engineering due to their controllable degradation profiles and chemical similarity with the inorganic component of natural bone (Ahmed, Lewis, Olsen, & Knowles, ; Rahaman et al, ; Rey, Combes, Drouet, & Glimcher, ). PBGs with various modifying oxide such as CuO (Neel, Ahmed, Pratten, Nazhat, & Knowles, ), ZnO (Abou Neel, O'Dell, Smith, & Knowles, ), Ag 2 O (Ahmed et al, ), Fe 2 O 3 (Ahmed, Collins, Lewis, Olsen, & Knowles, ), TiO 2 (Neel, Chrzanowski, & Knowles, ), SrO (Neel et al, ), have been extensively investigated to adjust for biomedical and tissue engineering applications (Islam et al, ). For example, the addition of CaO has been reported to improve the bioactivity of these glasses and to enhance hemostatic activity (Kim, Clark, & Hench, ; Kokubo, Kushitani, Ohtsuki, Sakka, & Yamamuro, ; Lankford & Letourneau, ; Ostomel, Shi, Tsung, Liang, & Stucky, ).…”

Structural and Femtosecond Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Sodium Borate Oxide Glasses: Effect of Antimony

“…In the present investigation, the optical nonlinearity was obtained with 150 fs, 80 MHz repetition rate laser pulses, and this signifies that the nonlinearity has a 68 assuming that all NBOs are associated with BO 3 sites showed nearly 3% of oxygens present as NBO in NBS-0 glass. Further, the appearance of a small intense Raman peak at 920 cm −1 also indicates the presence of a small fraction of isolated BO 3 3− boron units in NBS-0 glass. The addition of Sb 2 O 3 to NBS-0 glass slightly increased the fraction of B 4 units.…”

“…The real and imaginary parts of χ (3) can be evaluated using the following equations 64 where c, ε 0 , and n 0 are the velocity of light, permittivity of vacuum, and linear refractive index of the glass, respectively. The total χ (3) can be evaluated using the relation…”

“…According to the theory, the susceptibilities depend mainly on the boron−oxygen anionic group and their arrangement in space. Based on these considerations, among various existing (B x O y ) z− borate groups, (BO 3 ) 3 7,8 It has been further reported that planar group with conjugated π-orbitals, such as (BO 3 ) 3− and (B 3 O 6 ) 3− , are favorable for large susceptibilities than the nonplanar tetrahedral (BO 4 ) 5− anionic groups with no conjugated π-orbital. In supporting this, the high-performance NLO properties from borate materials have been achieved due to the presence of isolated (BO 3 ) 3− groups.…”

In Vitro Bioactivity and Cell Biocompatibility of a Hypereutectic Bioceramic

“…In this group of materials, ceramics have received more attention given their good properties: for example, their ability to favor bone adhesion and bone ingrowth when implanted into animal and human bodies. The use of calcium phosphates is very popular because their compositions are similar to the mineral bone part [1,2], but P 2 O 5 -free calcium silicates have also been able to develop a hydroxyapatite layer on their surfaces [3,4], which is key to bone-implant interactions.…”