Bioactive Compounds and Their Derivatives: An Insight into Prospective Phytotherapeutic Approach against Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative brain disorder that causes cellular response alterations, such as impaired cholinergic mechanism, amyloid-beta (Aβ) AD aggregation, neuroinflammation, and several other pathways. AD is still the most prevalent form of dementia and affects many individuals across the globe. The exact cause of the disorder is obscure. There are yet no effective medications for halting, preventing, or curing AD’s progress. Plenty of natural products are isolated from several sources and analyzed in preclinical and clinical settings for neuroprotective effects in preventing and treating AD. In addition, natural products and their derivatives have been promising in treating and preventing AD. Natural bioactive compounds play an active modulatory role in the pathological molecular mechanisms of AD development. This review focuses on natural products from plant sources and their derivatives that have demonstrated neuroprotective activities and maybe promising to treat and prevent AD. In addition, this article summarizes the literature pertaining to natural products as agents in the treatment of AD. Rapid metabolism, nonspecific targeting, low solubility, lack of BBB permeability, and limited bioavailability are shortcomings of most bioactive molecules in treating AD. We can use nanotechnology and nanocarriers based on different types of approaches.

Mechanism of Cornus Officinalis in Treating Diabetic Kidney Disease Based on Network Pharmacology

“…In this study, active compounds and targets of CO were selected, and the interaction between drug and disease was analyzed to reveal the mechanism in the treatment of DKD. In the development of pharmaceuticals, herbal products have always played an important role [ 31 , 32 ]. Therefore, by exploring effective components, targets, and multichannel signaling pathways of CO, we can improve the success rates of animal experiments and clinical trials and reduce drug development costs, leading to more effective drug development.…”

Investigating Polyphenol Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Targets against Diabetes Mellitus

“…Because bioactive components are particularly effective in the prevention of various ailments, it is critical to be aware of their availability. The proportion of nutrients is consumed, absorbed, and metabolized by typical gastrointestinal pathways [ 22 , 23 ]. Intake of phenolic chemicals in large amounts has little effect on the bioavailability profile [ 24 ].…”

“…Chemical changes, the addition of bioenhancers, the production of RES prodrugs, and the development of innovative pharmaceutical preparations are all alternatives for addressing RES's pharmacological ineptitude [ 21 , 22 , 138 ]. Nanoencapsulation of RES has been shown to be superior to other methods in terms of stability, bioavailability, selective targeting, and increased therapeutic response [ 138 , 139 ].…”

Tacrine Derivatives in Neurological Disorders: Focus on Molecular Mechanisms and Neurotherapeutic Potential

“…Tacrine is covalently bonded to some other pharmacologically active compounds, including such as a M1 agonist xanomeline and (Z)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N´-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-methyl-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1 H -pyrazole-1-carboximidamide known as an antagonist of CB1 receptor, which enables to consolidate tacrine's profound AChE inhibition with other pharmacological features [ 28 ]. The AChE inhibition of compound (17) is 1,000-fold broader than that of tacrine [ 29 ].…”