Bioactive Peptides from Milk

Abstract

Milk is a major source of dietary energy, protein and fat. Due to their specific biological properties leading to health benefits, bioactive peptides (BAPs) derived from milk proteins have been a subject of intensive research during past two decades. These peptide sequences, encrypted within proteins, are liberated in vivo during gastrointestinal digestion or in vitro by fermentation with proteolytic starter cultures or using proteases. BAP generally comprises 2-20 amino acid (AA) residues. Isolation and characterization of BAP of different bioactivities from milk protein hydrolysates of cow, buffalo, camel, goat, mare, sheep, donkey and yak milks have been reported. Bioactivities of BAP, which depend on constituent AAs and the sequence, include mineral binding, opioid, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, immunomodulatory, cytotoxicity, antibacterial and antithrombotic. This chapter focuses on the methodologies adopted to produce BAPs and their prospective role in health enhancing nutraceuticals/pharmaceuticals.

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory properties of camel milk protein hydrolysates generated with trypsin

“…Bovine milk proteins appear to be the most studied substrate for the generation of bioactive peptides. However, proteins from other species (i.e., goat, donkey, mare, yak and buffalo) have also been investigated for their ability to generate bioactive peptides (Anusha & Bindhu, 2016).…”

Proteolysis and therapeutic potential of bioactive peptides derived from Cheddar cheese

“…The peptides and proteins are transported across epithelia by carrier‐induced pathways and by paracellular diffusion (Anusha & Bindhu, 2016 ), particularly cell uptake mechanisms transport peptides from apical to basolateral. The diffusion of peptides between adjacent cells is done in the paracellular route.…”

A review on the application of bioactive peptides as preservatives and functional ingredients in food model systems

“…Moreover, ACE‐ and dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) inhibitory peptides were identified in whey proteins after hydrolysis with Enterococcus faecalis 2/28 (Worsztynowicz et al, 2020). Even though bovine milk proteins received the most attention for the derivation of bioactive peptides, milk proteins from other sources of milk have also been studied for their potential bioactive peptides, and those sources include goat, donkey, camel, mare, yak, and buffalo (Anusha & Bindhu, 2016). Besides, the generation of bioactive peptides from meat muscles and by‐products has been of increased interest (Lafarga & Hayes, 2014).…”