Bioanalytical and chemical evaluation of disinfection by-products in swimming pool water

Yeh, Ruby Y.; Farré, María José; Stalter, Daniel; Tang, Janet; Molendijk, Jeffrey; Escher, Beate I.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.002

Cited by 98 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…S1, the concentrations of these compounds detected in indoor pools (mean 144 ng L −1 ) were roughly 20-fold higher than those in outdoor pools (mean 6.78 ng L −1 ). This result is consistent with previous reports that concentrations of DBPs in indoor pools were higher than those in outdoor pools (Xiao et al 2012;Yeh et al 2014). Compared to the indoor pools, opening times for outdoor pools are usually short.…”

Section: Comparison Of Different Poolssupporting

confidence: 94%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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As an emerging group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, parabens have attracted growing attention due to their potential effects on human health. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens, and their common hydrolysis product, phydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were investigated in 39 swimming pools in Beijing, China. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben were the predominant compounds in swimming pools, accounting for 91.2 % of the total parabens. It is noteworthy that octyl paraben, a paraben with longer chain, was firstly detected in this study. There were several factors affecting the levels of parabens among the 39 swimming pools. The concentrations of parabens and chlorinated derivatives detected in indoor pools (144 ng L −1 ) were roughly 20-fold higher than those in outdoor pools (6.78 ng L −1 ). Hotel pools appear to present higher level of target compounds (361 ng L −1 ) than that in health club (228 ng L −1 ), municipal (130 ng L −1 ), school (75.6 ng L −1 ), and community pools (63.0 ng L −1 ). Moreover, the level of these compounds in pools during weekends (174 ng L −1 ) was much higher than that during weekdays (52.3 ng L −1 ). The dynamics of target compounds were also investigated to provide a general trend of the level of parabens in a school indoor swimming pool during a 14-week period. Human exposure assessment was conducted to estimate the potential risk of exposure to parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools. Considering the total exposure dose of multiple parabens, human exposure to parabens from the water of swimming pools is negligible. However, the threat of these parabens to children in swimming pool should be concerned.

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Section: Comparison Of Different Poolssupporting

confidence: 94%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Conversely, Kanan [7] and Yeh et al [8] observed that the concentration of DCAA and TCAA was higher in EGMO disinfected pools compared with the chlorinated pools. For instance, the concentration of DCAA in chlorinated and EGMO disinfected indoor pools was 1233 µg·L −1 and 2400 µg·L −1 , respectively, and the concentration of TCAA in chlorinated and EGMO disinfected indoor pools was 1153 µg·L −1 and 2600 µg·L −1 , respectively [8] (Table A4).…”

Section: Effect On Haasmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…With this awareness, the demand for alternatives to chlorine disinfection has increased. The alternative methods aimed at improving the quality of swimming pool water are: electrochemically generated mixed oxidants (EGMO) [3,[5][6][7][8], ultraviolet (UV) irradiation [9][10][11][12], UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-based AOPs) such as UV/H 2 O 2 [13], ozone (O 3 ) [14][15][16], and ozone-based AOPs such as O 3 /H 2 O 2 and O 3 /UV [17][18][19]. The use of O 3 and UV irradiation for the disinfection of swimming pool water has been adopted in some cases, though together with chlorine for the provision of a residual disinfectant [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the comparative analysis of different disinfection methods within studies is available, it has not been done between the studies. For instance, a comparison between chlorination, EGMO and O 3 /chlorine [3,6]; between chlorination and EGMO [5,7,8]; between chlorination, UV irradiation and UV/chlorine [10,37]; between chlorination and UV/chlorine [9,11,12]; between chlorination, UV irradiation, UV/chlorine, UV/H 2 O 2 and UV/H 2 O 2 /chlorine [13]; between chlorination and O 3 /chlorine [14][15][16]38]; between UV irradiation and O 3 /UV [18]; between chlorination, O 3 /chlorine, O 3 /H 2 O 2 /chlorine and O 3 /UV/chlorine [17]; and between chlorination, UV/chlorine, O 3 /chlorine, O 3 /UV and O 3 /UV/chlorine [19]. A comprehensive and critical review of performance and a comparison of all the disinfection methods is lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disinfection Methods for Swimming Pool Water: Byproduct Formation and Control

Ilyas¹,

Masih

Hoek

2018

Water

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This paper presents a comprehensive and critical comparison of 10 disinfection methods of swimming pool water: chlorination, electrochemically generated mixed oxidants (EGMO), ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, UV/chlorine, UV/hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), UV/H 2 O 2 /chlorine, ozone (O 3 )/chlorine, O 3 /H 2 O 2 /chlorine, O 3 /UV and O 3 /UV/chlorine for the formation, control and elimination of potentially toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs): trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), trihaloacetaldehydes (THAs) and chloramines (CAMs). The statistical comparison is carried out using data on 32 swimming pools accumulated from the reviewed studies. The results indicate that O 3 /UV and O 3 /UV/chlorine are the most promising methods, as the concentration of the studied DBPs (THMs and HANs) with these methods was reduced considerably compared with chlorination, EGMO, UV irradiation, UV/chlorine and O 3 /chlorine. However, the concentration of the studied DBPs including HAAs and CAMs remained much higher with O 3 /chlorine compared with the limits set by the WHO for drinking water quality. Moreover, the enhancement in the formation of THMs, HANs and CH with UV/chlorine compared with UV irradiation and the increase in the level of HANs with O 3 /UV/chlorine compared with O 3 /UV indicate the complexity of the combined processes, which should be optimized to control the toxicity and improve the quality of swimming pool water.

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“…For bioassays, 500 mL of ozonated samples were also subjected to 24-h formation potential tests with chlorine. The residual chlorine was quenched with equimolar concentrations of sodium thiosulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 ·5H 2 O; 99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (Farré et al 2013, Yeh et al 2014.…”

Section: Dbp Formation Potential Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing disinfection byproduct formation potential using ozonation and biological drinking water treatment

Vera¹,

Andrew²

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The occurrence of natural organic matter (NOM) in source waters presents a concern in water treatment plants due to formation of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this doctoral thesis, the fate of NOM during ozonation, biofiltration, and chlorination was investigated to identify important aspects in these processes that can be manipulated for better DBP control. Specifically, this thesis studied (1) reaction mechanisms of ozone with dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), an important fraction of NOM that forms nitrogenous DBPs, (2) role of ozone and• OH-mediated attack on NOM and DBP formation during chlorination, and (3) impact of ozonation on biodegradability of DBP precursors.The reaction of ozone with DON (Chapter 4) was observed to produce various transformation products including nitrate (NO 3 -) and ammonium (NH 4 + residual after 24 h = 1 -2 mg/L) as follows: THM4 (37%), HAA8 (44%), CH (107%), HK2 (97%), HAN4 (33%), trichloroacetamide (TCAM, 43%), and AOX (27%), but a decrease in concentrations of THNM2 (43%). Coupling ozonation with biofiltration prior to chlorination effectively lowered the formation potentials of all DBPs including CH, HK2, and THNM2, all of which increased after ozonation. The dynamics of DBP formation potentials during BAC filtration at different EBCTs followed first-order reaction kinetics. Minimum steady-state concentrations were attained at an EBCT of 10 -20 min, depending on the DBP species. The rate of reduction in DBP formation potentials varied among individual species before reaching their minimum concentrations. CH, HK2, and THNM2 had the highest rate constants of between 0.5 and 0.6 min -1 followed by HAN4 (0.4 min -1 ), THM4 (0.3 min -1 ), HAA8 (0.2 min -1 ), and AOX (0.1 min -1 ). Relative to concentrations after ozonation, the reduction in formation potential for most DBPs (e.g., at 15 min EBCT) was less than 50% but was higher than 70% for CH, HK2, and THNM2. The formation of bromine-containing DBPs increased with increasing EBCT likely due to an increase in Br -/DOC ratio.-iv- Dr. Wolfgang Gernjak co-advised me during my PhD candidature and played an integral part in all the chapters of this thesis. He was involved in the initial conceptual thinking, to developing research ideas, identifying appropriate experimental design, and interpreting research data. He also provided critical reviews in all the manuscripts. Declaration by authorDr. Maria José Farré, who was my principal advisor in 2013, is recognized for sharing her expertise in disinfection byproduct research (i.e., from laboratory techniques, instrumentation, and theory). Our regular exchange of viewpoints were essential in the conception of research ideas and approaches related to DBPs. She was also highly involved in the writing and review of manuscripts.Prof. Urs von Gunten, who is a world-leading expert in application of ozone for water treatment, was my host professor during my research visit at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)where I performed the bulk of the experiments repor...

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Bioanalytical and chemical evaluation of disinfection by-products in swimming pool water

Cited by 98 publications

References 62 publications

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Disinfection Methods for Swimming Pool Water: Byproduct Formation and Control

Reducing disinfection byproduct formation potential using ozonation and biological drinking water treatment

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