Bioavailability of energy and its relationship to growth and starvation survival in nature

Morita, Richard Y.

doi:10.1139/m88-076

Cited by 267 publications

(147 citation statements)

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“…Soil environments are often characterized by scarce nutrient supply which influences microbial survival and activity (Givskov et al, 1994;Morita, 1988;Vestergäd et al, 2011). However, many bacteria display adaptive strategies that allow them to survive starvation stress and to resuscitate growth and activity when conditions are favourable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology and transcriptome of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading Sphingomonas sp. LH128 after long-term starvation

et al. 2013

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The survival, physiology and gene expression profile of the phenanthrene-degrading Sphingomonas sp. LH128 was examined after an extended period of complete nutrient starvation and compared with a non-starved population that had been harvested in exponential phase. After 6 months of starvation in an isotonic solution, only 5 % of the initial population formed culturable cells. Microscopic observation of GFP fluorescent cells, however, suggested that a larger fraction of cells (up to 80 %) were still alive and apparently had entered a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. The strain displayed several cellular and genetic adaptive strategies to survive longterm starvation. Flow cytometry, microscopic observation and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis showed a reduction in cell size, a change in cell shape and an increase in the degree of membrane fatty acid saturation. Transcriptome analysis showed decreased expression of genes involved in ribosomal protein biosynthesis, chromosomal replication, cell division and aromatic catabolism, increased expression of genes involved in regulation of gene expression and efflux systems, genetic translocations, and degradation of rRNA and fatty acids. Those phenotypic and transcriptomic changes were not observed after 4 h of starvation. Despite the starvation situation, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) catabolic activity was immediate upon exposure to phenanthrene. We conclude that a large fraction of cells maintain viability after an extended period of starvation apparently due to tuning the expression of a wide variety of cellular processes. Due to these survival attributes, bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas, like strain LH128, could be considered as suitable targets for use in remediation of nutrient-poor PAH-contaminated environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology and transcriptome of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading Sphingomonas sp. LH128 after long-term starvation

et al. 2013

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“…In the soil environment, there is a limited availability of utilizable carbon sources for rhizobia. Most of the organic matter in the soil is resistant to microbial degradation and can also form complexes with other compounds (Morita, 1988). There is a narrow region in the soil, the rhizosphere, that is rich in organic and inorganic substances secreted by plants (Walker et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of flagellar, motility and chemotaxis genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum by the VisN/R-Rem cascade

et al. 2010

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In this paper, we describe the regulatory roles of VisN, VisR and Rem in the expression of flagellar, motility and chemotaxis genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strains VF39SM and 3841. Individual mutations in the genes encoding these proteins resulted in a loss of motility and an absence of flagella, indicating that these regulatory genes are essential for flagellar synthesis and function. Transcriptional experiments involving gusA-gene fusions in wild-type and mutant backgrounds were performed to identify the genes under VisN/R and Rem regulation. Results showed that the chemotaxis and motility genes of R. leguminosarum could be separated into two groups: one group under VisN/R-Rem regulation and another group that is independent of this regulation. VisN and VisR regulate the expression of rem, while Rem positively regulates the expression of flaA, flaB, flaC, flaD, motA, motB, che1 and mcpD. All of these genes except mcpD are located within the main motility and chemotaxis gene cluster of R. leguminosarum. Other chemotaxis and motility genes, which are found outside of the main motility gene cluster (che2 operon, flaH for VF39SM, and flaG) or are plasmid-borne (flaE and mcpC), are not part of the VisN/R-Rem regulatory cascade. In addition, all genes exhibited the same regulation pattern in 3841 and in VF39SM, except flaE and flaH. flaE is not regulated by VisN/R-Rem in 3841 but it is repressed by Rem in VF39SM. flaH is under VisN/R-Rem regulation in 3841, but not in VF39SM. A kinetics experiment demonstrated that a subset of the flagellar genes is continuously expressed in all growth phases, indicating the importance of continuous motility for R. leguminosarum under free-living conditions. On the other hand, motility is repressed under symbiotic conditions. Nodulation experiments showed that the transcriptional activators VisN and Rem are dramatically downregulated in the nodules, suggesting that the symbiotic downregulation of motility-related genes could be mediated by repressing the expression of VisN/R and Rem.

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“…The concentrations of biologically available nutrients are generally low in natural bacterial habitats (34,35), and adaptations to restrictions in nutrient and energy availability may contribute significantly to the fitness of bacteria in such environments. Marine vibrios are adequate models for studies of starvation responses, and their adaptations include the development of general stress resistance and the ability to survive extended periods of complete carbon and energy starvation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Stringent control during carbon starvation of marine Vibrio sp. strain S14: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and deletion of the relA gene

et al. 1994

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In order to evaluate the role of the stringent response in starvation adaptations of the marine Vtbrio sp. strain S14, we have cloned the relA gene and generated relaxed mutants of this organism. The concentrations of biologically available nutrients are generally low in natural bacterial habitats (34, 35), and adaptations to restrictions in nutrient and energy availability may contribute significantly to the fitness of bacteria in such environments. Marine vibrios are adequate models for studies of starvation responses, and their adaptations include the development of general stress resistance and the ability to survive extended periods of complete carbon and energy starvation. Alterations in cell surface components, adhesive properties, nutrient scavenging, and uptake systems are commonly observed (reviewed in references 21, 22, and 33). The marine isolate Vibrio sp. strain S14 has served as a model organism in many of these studies (38). It responds to multiplenutrient starvation by a developmental process comprising the temporally ordered induction of more than 66 starvationinduced (Sti) proteins (39). The identities of the Sti proteins are, with some exceptions (17), unknown, but it is assumed that phenotypic adaptations during the starvation response can be ascribed to the induction of specific Sti proteins. That is the case with Escherichia coli, in which several of the phenotypes that are expressed during stationary phase are dependent on specific members of the as or RpoS regulon (14).The transition of growing Vbrio sp. strain S14 cells to multiple-nutrient starvation includes the induction of the stringent response (39), a regulatory network with pleiotropic effects on cellular physiology, primarily studied as it occurs in E. coli (3). Evidence for a role of the stringent response in the starvation adaptation of Vibrio sp. strain S14 was obtained

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Bioavailability of energy and its relationship to growth and starvation survival in nature

Cited by 267 publications

References 0 publications

Physiology and transcriptome of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading Sphingomonas sp. LH128 after long-term starvation

Physiology and transcriptome of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading Sphingomonas sp. LH128 after long-term starvation

Regulation of flagellar, motility and chemotaxis genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum by the VisN/R-Rem cascade

Stringent control during carbon starvation of marine Vibrio sp. strain S14: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and deletion of the relA gene

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